Video - Renal failure: Pathology review

Renal failure is a condition in which the kidneys are no longer able to function properly. There are two main types of renal failure: acute renal failure and chronic renal failure. Acute renal failure, also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), is when the kidney isn't functioning at 100% and that decrease in function develops relatively quickly, typically over a few days. AKI is commonly caused by anything that causes acute damage to the kidneys, such as infection, injury, toxins, and certain medications. The symptoms include swelling, decreased urine output, and changes in the color and smell of urine.

In chronic kidney failure, which is now called chronic kidney disease (CKD), kidney function gradually decreases over a minimum of three months. CKD is most commonly caused by chronic disorders like diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Other causes of CRF include glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and chronic obstructive uropathy. The symptoms of CRF can include fatigue, anemia, and signs of fluid retention.