Osmosis video - Toxic multinodular goiter

Toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG) is a condition characterized by the growth of multiple nodules in the thyroid gland, which can cause the gland to become enlarged and produce too much thyroid hormone. The excess thyroid hormone production can lead to symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including weight loss, rapid heart rate, tremors, and heat intolerance.

TMNG typically develops after prolonged iodine deficiency, which causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland. Continued follicular cell division can lead to a genetic mutation of the TSH receptor turning a non-toxic multinodular goiter into a toxic multinodular goiter.

Symptoms include an enlarged thyroid as well as the typical symptoms of hyperthyroidism like weight loss, a rapid heart rate, and hyperactivity. The treatment for TMNG involves medications like beta-blockers and radioactive iodine, or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland.