Hydronephrosis

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Introduction0:00–0:20

With hydronephrosis, -hydro means water, -nephro means kidneys, and -osis refers to a disease state, so hydronephrosis refers a disease or condition where excessive amounts of water, in the form of urine, causes the kidneys to dilate.

Physiology0:20–0:42

Now, normally, inside the kidneys, urine forms in the nephron and then drains through the papilla which is an inverted cone shaped pyramid, that, like a shower head, pours urine into the calyces, which comes from the latin -calix which means large cup, like a Roman chalice.
From there it enters the renal pelvis which funnels the urine into the ureter. If there’s an obstruction to this normal flow of urine, then it can cause urinary pressures to increase and push out on the walls of these structures making them dilate.

Pathophysiology0:42–1:26

This might happen because of something within the urinary tract,for example, a kidney stone, or from external compression, for example, when a fetus pushes up against the urinary tract during pregnancy.
Typically the dilation starts closest to the site of the problem and then slowly continues back up towards the kidneys. Now, if there’s dilation of just the ureter, it’s called hydroureter, but if there’s dilation of the ureter, renal pelvis, and the calyces, it’s called hydroureteronephrosis or more commonly just hydronephrosis.

Causes1:26–2:52

The causes of hydronephrosis differ by age group. Hydronephrosis in the fetus is called antenatal hydronephrosis, and sometimes the cause here is unknown, and it develops and disappears on its own, so it may be a variation of normal development.
But if hydronephrosis progresses through fetal development into the third trimester, then there may be an actual underlying pathology.
For example, there’s congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction, which is where the ureteropelvic junction—which connects the ureter to the kidney—fails to canalize during development, which can obstruct the flow of urine.
Another cause is vesicoureteral reflux which is where urine is allowed to backflow from the bladder into the ureters and eventually kidneys.
In young children, hydronephrosis usually results from a congenital malformation like a ureterocele, which is a sac of tissue in the distal ureter, that also obstructs the flow of urine from the ureter into the bladder, as well as posterior urethral valves, which is a malformation of the posterior urethra where flaps of tissue obstruct the outflow of urine.
In contrast, adults with hydronephrosis usually develop it as a result of an acquired disease, like kidney stones, which is the most common cause, as well as prostatic hyperplasia, or enlarged prostate, which blocks the flow of urine out of the bladder.

Symptoms and complications2:52–3:49

Now, severe long-standing hydronephrosis can lead to nephron destruction and can result in an increase in serum creatinine, as well as electrolyte imbalances.
When this sort of damage has happened, the kidney can develop a dilated ureter and renal pelvis, as well as compression atrophy, which is thinning of the renal medulla and cortex.
Symptoms and complications of hydronephrosis are often related to symptoms of obstruction, since that’s the context in which hydronephrosis is usually found.
Obstruction might cause flank pain or groin pain as well as a urinary tract infection, and the hydronephrosis itself might cause symptoms only once there’s serious damage to the kidneys.
A worrisome complication is postrenal azotemia, which is when an obstruction to urine flow causes the kidney to increase reabsorption of urea, resulting in increased nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood.

Diagnosis3:49–4:49

Hydronephrosis is usually diagnosed with ultrasound, often prenatal ultrasound, meaning during pregnancy. Hydronephrosis is given a grade based on the severity, from 0 to 4.
Grade 0means there’s no dilation. Grade 1 is when there is a dilation of the renal pelvis but the calyces remain normal.
Grade 2 is when there is a dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces. Grade 3, is when there is a moderate dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, in addition to mild cortical thinning and flattening of the papillae, and lastly, grade 4 is when there is a severe renal dilation and cortical thinning.
In children, intravenous urography or pyelography is also commonly used to assess for congenital pelviureteric junction obstruction.
In adults, a CT scan is commonly done because it can be helpful in identifying kidney stones, which is the most common underlying cause of the hydronephrosis.

Treatment4:49–5:32

Hydronephrosis treatment focuses on relieving the obstruction and allowing the urine that may have accumulated behind the obstruction to flow out normally.
Acutely, a nephrostomy tube can be used, which is this plastic tube inserted through the skin into the renal pelvis, and this allows the accumulated urine to drain out.
Chronically, somebody could have a ureteric stent which pops the ureter open or a pyeloplasty, which is a surgical remake of the renal pelvis.
Lower urinary tract obstructions, like prostatic hyperplasia can be treated with the insertion of a urinary catheter that keeps the urethra open or a suprapubic catheter, that causes bladder decompression.
All right, as a quick recap, hydronephrosis is typically caused by either obstruction in or compression of the urinary tract, which leads to buildup of urine and pressure, and dilation of the ureter, renal pelvis and calyces.

Review5:32–5:58

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