Pulmonary changes during exercise
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Pulmonary changes during exercise
PCV Final Review
PCV Final Review
Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Peripheral artery disease: Pathology review
Valvular heart disease: Pathology review
Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review
Heart failure: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review
Pericardial disease: Pathology review
Endocarditis: Pathology review
Hypertension: Pathology review
Shock: Pathology review
Vasculitis: Pathology review
Cardiac and vascular tumors: Pathology review
Dyslipidemias: Pathology review
Pericarditis and pericardial effusion
Cardiac tamponade
Dressler syndrome
Endocarditis
Myocarditis
Rheumatic heart disease
Heart failure
Cor pulmonale
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Tricuspid valve disease
Pulmonary valve disease
Mitral valve disease
Aortic valve disease
Atrial flutter
Atrial fibrillation
Premature atrial contraction
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Ventricular tachycardia
Brugada syndrome
Premature ventricular contraction
Long QT syndrome and Torsade de pointes
Ventricular fibrillation
Atrioventricular block
Bundle branch block
Pulseless electrical activity
Persistent truncus arteriosus
Transposition of the great vessels
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Tetralogy of Fallot
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect
Coarctation of the aorta
Atrial septal defect
Arterial disease
Angina pectoris
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Myocardial infarction
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Shock
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Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)
Angiosarcomas
Respiratory distress syndrome: Pathology review
Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review
Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review
Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review
Sleep apnea
Apnea of prematurity
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary hypertension
Pneumothorax
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Mesothelioma
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
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Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Blood pressure, blood flow, and resistance
Pressures in the cardiovascular system
Resistance to blood flow
Compliance of blood vessels
Microcirculation and Starling forces
Stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output
Cardiac contractility
Frank-Starling relationship
Cardiac preload
Cardiac afterload
Law of Laplace
Cardiac and vascular function curves
Altering cardiac and vascular function curves
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac work
Pressure-volume loops
Changes in pressure-volume loops
Action potentials in myocytes
Action potentials in pacemaker cells
Cardiac conduction system
Cardiac conduction velocity
ECG basics
ECG normal sinus rhythm
ECG intervals
ECG axis
ECG rate and rhythm
ECG cardiac infarction and ischemia
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Calcium channel blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators
Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers
Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers
Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers
Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Positive inotropic medications
Development of the respiratory system
Trachea and bronchi histology
Bronchioles and alveoli histology
Lung volumes and capacities
Anatomic and physiologic dead space
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
Compliance of lungs and chest wall
Combined pressure-volume curves for the lung and chest wall
Ventilation
Zones of pulmonary blood flow
Regulation of pulmonary blood flow
Pulmonary shunts
Ventilation-perfusion ratios and V/Q mismatch
Diffusion-limited and perfusion-limited gas exchange
Alveolar gas equation
Oxygen binding capacity and oxygen content
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Carbon dioxide transport in blood
Pulmonary changes at high altitude and altitude sickness
Pulmonary changes during exercise
Antihistamines for allergies
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Lung cancer: Clinical
Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree
Gas exchange in the lungs, blood and tissues
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Clinical
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical
Pericardial disease: Clinical
Kawasaki disease: Clinical
Coronary artery disease: Clinical
Heart failure: Clinical
Anatomy of the heart
Valvular heart disease: Clinical
Normal heart sounds
Congenital heart defects: Clinical
Abnormal heart sounds
Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology
Measuring cardiac output (Fick principle)
Cardiac muscle histology
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling
ECG QRS transition
ECG cardiac hypertrophy and enlargement
Key Takeaways
During exercise, the body's demand for the oxygen needed in cellular respiration increases, and this requires the body to do some adjustments. The cardiac output and pulmonary blood flow increase, while the pulmonary vascular resistance decreases. The result is an increased space of the lung that is perfused, which decreases physiologic dead space and increases oxygen delivery to exercising tissues. Furthermore, due to an increase in acid production and temperature, the hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases, which favors the delivery of oxygen to tissue in need.