Human Metapneumovirus · What Is It, Transmission, Signs and Symptoms, and More

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory virus responsible for upper and lower acute respiratory tract infections in people of all ages, particularly in children, older individuals, and people with weakened immune systems (e.g., people with HIV infection or cancer).   

Human metapneumovirus was first identified in the Netherlands in 2001. It is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, which includes other respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In the United States, hMPV is more likely to circulate during late winter and early spring, when other respiratory illnesses, such as RSV and the flu, are also common.  

Diagnosis of respiratory infections caused by hMPV is based on medical history and physical examination. Because the infection is typically self-limiting, no further tests are usually conducted. However, if identification of the infectious agent is required, additional tests may help identify it. A nasopharynx swab can be used to assess the presence of hMPV antigens in respiratory secretions via immunofluorescence or enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Alternatively, nucleic acid amplification tests including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to detect the viral genome.  

In most cases, symptoms of hMPV infection spontaneously resolve after 2 to 5 days. Currently, there is no specific treatment for hMPV infection, and management involves supportive measures including rest, hydration, and medications such as acetaminophen (i.e., paracetamol) or ibuprofen. In young children who develop bronchiolitis, treatment usually consists of supplemental oxygen and fluids to prevent dehydration.  

Washing hands often, wearing face masks, and avoiding contact with sick people are some of the most effective strategies to prevent the spread of respiratory infections. In addition, cleaning contaminated surfaces (e.g., doorknobs and shared objects) may prevent the spread of hMPV.