Video - Extracellular matrix

The extracellular matrix (ECM) refers to the mixture of proteins and carbohydrates that surrounds cells and provides structural and biochemical support. ECM components can be put into three categories: adhesive proteins, structural proteins, and proteoglycans.

Adhesive proteins are needed to stick individual cells together, forming an organized tissue. They include integrins and cadherins. Next, structural proteins provide the tissues with structural support, including tensile strength. These proteins include keratins, and elastin. There are also proteoglycans which fill up the space between cells, helping to trap water molecules thanks to their negative charges.

The ECM also plays an important role in the communication between cells, mediating cell-to-cell interaction and cell-matrix interaction. Dysfunction of the ECM can lead to diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and fibrosis.