Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

Acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol, is mainly used to treat pain and fever. These conditions are related to an increased production of pro-inflammatory chemicals called prostaglandins.

Now, acetaminophen works by decreasing the production of prostaglandins, thereby relieving pain, and reducing fever.

In order to understand how acetaminophen works, first we need to talk briefly about inflammation, which is the body’s response to a harmful stimulus, such as infection or injury.

So, during inflammation, your immune cells use an enzyme called phospholipase A2 to take membrane phospholipids and make a 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, called arachidonic acid.

Arachidonic acid is a substrate for an enzyme called cyclooxygenase or COX.

The enzyme cyclooxygenase exists in two different isoforms: COX-1 and COX-2.

COX-1 is a constitutive enzyme, meaning that it’s always active, while on the other hand, COX-2 is an inducible enzyme, meaning that it must be turned on to function. This is usually triggered by immune cells and vascular endothelial cells during inflammation.

Both enzymes produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), which cause vasodilation and attract different immune cells to the area.

They also act on neurons that detect pain, called nociceptors, and make them more sensitive to stimuli by lowering their threshold for activation.

Finally, they stimulate the hypothalamus to increase the body temperature, causing fever.

Prostaglandin E2 also has other effects like causing uterine contractions, decreasing the secretion of acid, and increasing the production of protective mucus in the stomach.

Alright, now let’s focus on acetaminophen. Acetaminophen is administered orally, rectally, or intravenously; and it works by reversibly inhibiting COX in the central nervous system, thereby decreasing production of the prostaglandins that cause fever and pain.

It’s important to note that acetaminophen is not considered a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) because it doesn't inhibit COX peripherally; so unlike NSAIDs, it doesn't have anti-inflammatory activity.

Common indications for acetaminophen include fever and mild to moderate pain, such as myalgia and headache.

Although it’s mainly used alone, it can be coadministered with other medications, such as ibuprofen or morphine to treat severe pain after operations.

Moreover, because it doesn’t affect COX in platelets and the stomach, acetaminophen is a preferred drug in the treatment of fever and pain in individuals with bleeding disorders, peptic ulcers, and individuals allergic to aspirin.