Human development week 2
Human development week 2
MSK
MSK
Transcript
Content Reviewers
Contributors
During the second week of human development, the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus.
The cells in the blastocyst’s outer layer are called trophoblast cells, and they penetrate into the uterus, establishing a connection between the blastocyst and the mother.
The cells in the blastocyst’s inner layer are called embryoblast cells, and they turn into a new, flat, two-layered structure which eventually gives rise to all of the organs and tissues of the body.
By day 7 or 8, the blastocyst implants on the surface of the endometrial wall, or decidua; the area where it implants is called the decidua basalis.
To snuggle deeper into the decidua basalis, trophoblast cells from the outer layer of the blastocyst assemble into two layers of cells.
One layer is called the cytotrophoblast, which consists of mononucleated cells, and the other is called the syncytiotrophoblast, which consists of a multinucleated cluster of cells.
Slowly, the syncytiotrophoblast expands into the decidua basalis.
By day 9, the syncytiotrophoblast has pushed deeper into the decidua basalis, and by day 11, the blastocyst is almost completely buried within it—like a seed getting pushed into soil.
Around day 12, the decidua undergoes the decidual reaction.
High levels of progesterone cause the decidual cells to enlarge, and they become coated in a sugar-rich, fatty fluid the syncytiotrophoblast can absorb to sustain its growth; this fluid also helps sustain the embryo early on.
Initially, the decidual reaction only occurs at the decidua basalis, the site of implantation, but eventually it spreads throughout the entirety of the decidua.
Around day 14 of development, syncytiotrophoblast cells start to form little protrusions called primary villi—each one looks a bit like a tree.
These primary villi trees form all the way around the fetus, and cells start to clear out from between the primary villi, leaving behind empty spaces called lacunae.
While this is all happening, arteries and veins from the parent start to grow into the decidua basalis.
Normally we think of red blood cells staying confined to blood vessels, but as the placenta develops, an interesting thing happens: tiny arteries merge with the lacunae, eventually filling these empty spaces with oxygenated blood.
Veins also merge with lacunae and bring blood back to the parent’s heart.
Over time, more and more of these little pools of blood develop, and they start merging together to form a single large pool of blood with many arteries delivering blood into it and many veins taking blood away.
Key Takeaways
At around day 8, the trophoblast gives rise to two layers; the cytotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast which consists of mononucleated cells, makes the chorionic villi. On the other hand, the syncytiotrophoblast consists of multinucleated cells. These cells produce hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) needed to keep the corpus luteum viable.
The corpus luteum needs to stay viable to keep producing progesterone needed to maintain the pregnancy until the placenta grows enough to take this task over. Also, the embryoblast differentiates into ventral hypoblast that makes the yolk sac, and the dorsal epiblast that later gives three embryonic germ layers.
Around days 9 to 12, the syncytiotrophoblast goes deeper into the decidua basalis for more nutrients needed to sustain growth, whereas the epiblast develops clefts that later coalesce to form the amniotic cavity. At around day 13, the hypoblast cells form the exocoelomic mesoderm cells outside the embryo. Finally, the epiblast gives rise to the three embryonic germ layers; endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.