Cyanide poisoning

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Cyanide poisoning

Pharmacology

Pharmacology

Introduction to pharmacology

Enzyme function

Pharmacodynamics: Drug-receptor interactions

Pharmacodynamics: Agonist, partial agonist and antagonist

Pharmacodynamics: Desensitization and tolerance

Pharmacokinetics: Drug absorption and distribution

Pharmacokinetics: Drug metabolism

Pharmacokinetics: Drug elimination and clearance

Drug administration and dosing regimens

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

Tricyclic antidepressants

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Atypical antidepressants

Typical antipsychotics

Atypical antipsychotics

Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants

Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates

Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines

Androgens and antiandrogens

Estrogens and antiestrogens

Progestins and antiprogestins

Aromatase inhibitors

Uterine stimulants and relaxants

Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors

Hyperthyroidism medications

Hypothyroidism medications

Adrenergic receptors

Cholinergic receptors

Cholinomimetics: Direct agonists

Muscarinic antagonists

Cholinomimetics: Indirect agonists (anticholinesterases)

Sympathomimetics: Direct agonists

Sympatholytics: Alpha-2 agonists

Adrenergic antagonists: Presynaptic

Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers

Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers

ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors

Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics

Calcium channel blockers

cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators

Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers

Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers

Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers

Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others

Lipid-lowering medications: Statins

Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates

Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications

Hypoglycemics: Insulin secretagogues

Miscellaneous hypoglycemics

Adrenal hormone synthesis inhibitors

Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid antagonists

Antihistamines for allergies

Acid reducing medications

Laxatives and cathartics

Anticoagulants: Heparin

Anticoagulants: Warfarin

Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors

Antiplatelet medications

Hematopoietic medications

Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors

Topoisomerase inhibitors

Platinum containing medications

Anti-tumor antibiotics

Microtubule inhibitors

DNA alkylating medications

Monoclonal antibodies

Antimetabolites for cancer treatment

Glucocorticoids

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides

Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

Antituberculosis medications

Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins

Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins

DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole

DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Integrase and entry inhibitors

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

Protease inhibitors

Hepatitis medications

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Herpesvirus medications

Miscellaneous antifungal medications

Anthelmintic medications

Anti-mite and louse medications

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists

Antigout medications

Osteoporosis medications

Migraine medications

General anesthetics

Local anesthetics

Neuromuscular blockers

Anti-parkinson medications

Medications for neurodegenerative diseases

Opioid antagonists

Osmotic diuretics

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Potassium sparing diuretics

PDE5 inhibitors

Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists

Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines

Arsenic poisoning

Cyanide poisoning

Methemoglobinemia

Ethylene glycol poisoning

Mercury poisoning

Paracetamol toxicity

Serotonin syndrome

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Medication overdoses and toxicities: Pathology review

Environmental and chemical toxicities: Pathology review

Key Takeaways

Cyanide poisoning is a type of chemical poisoning that occurs when cyanide ions are introduced into the body. Cyanide ions disrupt cellular respiration at the mitochondrial level, by inhibiting an enzyme called cytochrome C oxidase. This can lead to asphyxiation as the body is no longer able to use oxygen, and it can also cause damage to the heart, liver, and other organs. Symptoms of cyanide poisoning may include headache, seizures, confusion, nausea, cardiac arrest, and death.