Placebo effect and masking
Placebo effect and masking
EPIDEMIOLOGY/BIOSTATS/STUDY DESIGN
EPIDEMIOLOGY/BIOSTATS/STUDY DESIGN
Introduction to biostatistics
Types of data
Probability
Mean, median, and mode
Range, variance, and standard deviation
Standard error of the mean (Central limit theorem)
Normal distribution and z-scores
Paired t-test
Two-sample t-test
Hypothesis testing: One-tailed and two-tailed tests
One-way ANOVA
Two-way ANOVA
Repeated measures ANOVA
Correlation
Methods of regression analysis
Linear regression
Logistic regression
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
Mann-Whitney U test
Kappa coefficient
Chi-squared test
Fisher's exact test
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis
Type I and type II errors
Sensitivity and specificity
Positive and negative predictive value
Test precision and accuracy
Incidence and prevalence
Relative and absolute risk
Odds ratio
Attributable risk (AR)
Mortality rates and case-fatality
DALY and QALY
Direct standardization
Indirect standardization
Study designs
Ecologic study
Cross sectional study
Case-control study
Cohort study
Randomized control trial
Clinical trials
Sample size
Placebo effect and masking
Disease causality
Selection bias
Information bias
Confounding
Interaction
Modes of infectious disease transmission
Outbreak investigations
Disease surveillance
Vaccination and herd immunity
Prevention
Flashcards
Placebo effect and masking
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Key Takeaways
The placebo effect is a phenomenon in which a patient's symptoms can improve after receiving a treatment that has no active therapeutic effect, such as a sugar pill. This can happen because patients expect the treatment to work and their belief in the treatment can influence their symptoms.
Masking or blinding is a strategy used in research to limit the effects of knowing whether or not a subject is getting therapy. The use of a placebo is one way to mask a subject from knowing whether they are receiving an active treatment or agent or whether they are in the control group. The strategy of double blinding � is to mask observers and data collectors from knowing which group the subjects are in.