Neurogenic bladder

Definitions & Key takeaways

Neurogenic bladder is a type of bladder dysfunction that is caused by damage to the nerves related to the bladder control. It is characterized by difficulty emptying the bladder normally, as a result of either damage to the peripheral nerves, brain, or spinal cord.

Neurogenic bladder can occur as a result of various conditions, such as spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, and diabetes. Related bladder dysfunctions could be overflow incontinence, where the bladder fills up to capacity and then dribbles out of the urethra, or urge incontinence, where an individual feels frequent urges to urinate.

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With neurogenic bladder, neurogenic means arising from the nervous system, so neurogenic bladder is typically some difficulty emptying the bladder normally, as a result of either damage to the peripheral nerves, brain, or spinal cord.
Normally, urine is held in the bladder, which receives urine from two ureters coming down from the kidneys and then that urine leaves the bladder through the urethra.
As urine flows from the kidney, through the ureters and into the bladder, the bladder starts to expand into the abdomen.
The bladder is able to expand and contract because it’s wrapped in a muscular layer, called the detrusor muscle, and within that, lining the bladder itself is a layer of transitional epithelium containing “umbrella cells”.
These umbrella cells get their name because they physically stretch out as the bladder fills, just like an umbrella opening in slow-motion.
In a grown adult, the bladder can expand to hold about 750ml, slightly less in women than men because the uterus takes up space which crowds out the bladder a bit.
Okay - so when the urine is collecting in the bladder, there are basically two “doors” that are shut, holding that urine in.
The first door is the internal sphincter muscle, which is made of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control, meaning that it opens and closes automatically.
Typically, the internal sphincter muscle opens up when the bladder is about half full. Now the second door is the external sphincter muscle, and it’s made of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control, meaning that it opens and closes when a person wants it to.
This is the reason that it’s possible to stop urine mid-stream by tightening up that muscle, which is called doing kegel exercises.
Once urine has passed through the external sphincter muscle, it exits the body, in women the exit is immediate and in men the urine flows through the penis before it exits.
So, when specialized nerves called stretch receptors in the bladder wall sense that the bladder is about half full, they send impulses to the spinal cord, specifically the sacral spinal cord at levels S2 and S3, known as the micturition center, and the brain, specifically two locations in the pons—the pontine storage center and pontine micturition center.
The spinal cord response is part of the micturition reflex. And it causes an increase in parasympathetic stimulation and decrease in sympathetic stimulation which makes the detrusor muscle contract and the internal sphincter relax.
It also decreases motor nerve stimulation to the external sphincter allowing it to relax as well. At this point, urination would occur at this point, if not for the pons.
The pons is the region of the brain that we train to voluntarily control urination. If we want to delay urination, or hold it in, the pontine storage center overrides the micturition reflex, and when we want to urinate, the pontine micturition center allows for the micturition reflex to happen.
Now with neurogenic bladder - the exact pattern of symptoms depends on the nerve that is damaged. In diabetes mellitus, excess glucose levels in the blood attaches to various proteins - a process called glycation.
This process can damage sensory nerve fibers in the bladder wall, in the pelvic nerve, or in dorsal nerve roots entering the spinal cord, all of which interferes with the initial stretch signal that gets sent out as the bladder fills.
Another potential cause is syphilis, this infection can eventually lead to tabes dorsalis—which is inflammation and scarring of those same little dorsal root nerves.
Also, with herpes, the virus takes up a home in the dorsal nerve roots for months to years and it can also disrupt the sensory fibers that they carry within them.
This all means that as the bladder fills to capacity and stretches, that sensory information is not received, and the bladder starts to overflow, drop by drop, out of the urethra.
This is called overflow incontinence. Now, that sensory information goes through the micturition center at the S2-S3 region of the spinal cord, so if there’s an injury to the spinal cord in that region, for example if someone falls from a tree or ladder and lands on their buttocks, then again, that micturition reflex pathway’s interrupted and somebody can get overflow incontinence.
Now, if there’s a spinal cord injury above the sacral region, then immediately after, all the reflexes below the injury are suppressed.
This phenomenon is known as spinal shock and can last hours to weeks. The exact mechanism behind spinal shock, though, isn’t completely clear, but during spinal shock, the micturition reflex gets suppressed as well, and it leads to detrusor hyporeflexia, which once again leading to overflow incontinence.
Now, once the shock wears off, normal the micturition reflex resumes since the sacral region’s intact, but the signals can’t be sent to or received from the pons, which means there’s no inhibitory pathway from the brain.
So this means that the bladder goes into an overdrive mode leading to detrusor hyperreflexia. At this point, even a tiny amount of urine will initiate the micturition reflex leading to an frequent urges to urinate called urge incontinence.
Now, in multiple sclerosis, a similar pattern unfolds, except in this case the body’s immune system attacks the myelin sheath of the nerves in the brain and spinal cord.
Once again, though, this can prevent the inhibitory signals from the brain from reaching the micturition reflex pathway, which causes detrusor hyperreflexia and urge incontinence.
Going a little further up, if there are acute injuries to the brain like a stroke then there’ll be a similar pattern as spinal injuries with an initial “shock” phase of detrusor hyporeflexia, followed by detrusor hyperreflexia and urge incontinence.
In chronic processes like a brain tumor or Parkinson’s disease, there is usually no state of shock and instead can proceed directly to detrusor hyperreflexia as well as urge incontinence.
Diagnosis can be done by measuring post-void residuals or the amount of urine left in the bladder after urination, as well as the pressure and flow of urine.
Treatment of overflow incontinence can be relieved by putting a catheter through the urethra that drains the urine. Urge incontinence can be relieved with anticholinergic drugs that help relax the detrusor muscle.
All right, as a quick recap,neurogenic bladder is where some form of nerve damage causes bladder dysfunction, and this dysfunction could be overflow incontinence where the bladder fills up to capacity and then dribbles out of the urethra, or urge incontinence where an individual feels frequent urges to urinate.
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