Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Blood supply of the foregut, midgut and hindgut

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Innervation of the abdominal viscera

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glands

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Pancreas and spleen

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine

Anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall

Anatomy of the diaphragm

Anatomy of the inguinal region

Anatomy of the muscles and nerves of the posterior abdominal wall

Anatomy of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity

Anatomy of the vessels of the posterior abdominal wall

Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall

Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region

Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs

Anatomy clinical correlates: Peritoneum and diaphragm

Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract

Anatomy of the ascending spinal cord pathways

Anatomy of the descending spinal cord pathways

Anatomy of the suboccipital region

Anatomy of the vertebral canal

Bones of the vertebral column

Joints of the vertebral column

Muscles of the back

Vessels and nerves of the vertebral column

Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back

Anatomy clinical correlates: Spinal cord pathways

Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal

Anatomy of the basal ganglia

Anatomy of the blood supply to the brain

Anatomy of the brainstem

Anatomy of the cerebellum

Anatomy of the cerebral cortex

Anatomy of the cranial meninges and dural venous sinuses

Anatomy of the diencephalon

Anatomy of the limbic system

Anatomy of the ventricular system

Anatomy of the white matter tracts

Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior blood supply to the brain

Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebellum and brainstem

Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebral hemispheres

Anatomy clinical correlates: Posterior blood supply to the brain

Introduction to the cranial nerves

Cranial nerve pathways

Anatomy of the olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves

Anatomy of the oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves

Anatomy of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Anatomy of the facial nerve (CN VII)

Anatomy of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Anatomy of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Anatomy of the vagus nerve (CN X)

Anatomy of the spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves

Anatomy of the cranial base

Anatomy of the external and middle ear

Anatomy of the eye

Anatomy of the infratemporal fossa

Anatomy of the inner ear

Anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses

Anatomy of the oral cavity

Anatomy of the orbit

Anatomy of the pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) fossa

Anatomy of the salivary glands

Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication

Anatomy of the tongue

Bones of the cranium

Muscles of the face and scalp

Nerves and vessels of the face and scalp

Anatomy clinical correlates: Ear

Anatomy clinical correlates: Eye

Anatomy clinical correlates: Skull, face and scalp

Anatomy clinical correlates: Temporal regions, oral cavity and nose

Anatomy of the anterior and medial thigh

Anatomy of the foot

Anatomy of the hip joint

Anatomy of the knee joint

Anatomy of the leg

Anatomy of the popliteal fossa

Anatomy of the tibiofibular joints

Bones of the lower limb

Joints of the ankle and foot

Muscles of the gluteal region and posterior thigh

Vessels and nerves of the gluteal region and posterior thigh

Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot

Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh

Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee

Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle

Anatomy of the larynx and trachea

Anatomy of the lymphatics of the neck

Anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus

Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

Bones of the neck

Deep structures of the neck: Prevertebral muscles

Deep structures of the neck: Root of the neck

Fascia and spaces of the neck

Superficial structures of the neck: Anterior triangle

Superficial structures of the neck: Cervical plexus

Superficial structures of the neck: Posterior triangle

Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck

Anatomy clinical correlates: Vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the neck

Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the neck

Anatomy of the female reproductive organs of the pelvis

Anatomy of the female urogenital triangle

Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum

Anatomy of the male reproductive organs of the pelvis

Anatomy of the male urogenital triangle

Anatomy of the pelvic cavity

Anatomy of the pelvic girdle

Anatomy of the perineum

Anatomy of the urinary organs of the pelvis

Arteries and veins of the pelvis

Nerves and lymphatics of the pelvis

Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum

Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum

Anatomy of the breast

Anatomy of the coronary circulation

Anatomy of the heart

Anatomy of the inferior mediastinum

Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree

Anatomy of the pleura

Anatomy of the superior mediastinum

Bones and joints of the thoracic wall

Muscles of the thoracic wall

Vessels and nerves of the thoracic wall

Anatomy clinical correlates: Breast

Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart

Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum

Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs

Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall

Anatomy of the arm

Anatomy of the axilla

Anatomy of the brachial plexus

Anatomy of the elbow joint

Anatomy of the glenohumeral joint

Anatomy of the pectoral and scapular regions

Anatomy of the radioulnar joints

Anatomy of the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints

Bones of the upper limb

Fascia, vessels and nerves of the upper limb

Joints of the wrist and hand

Muscles of the forearm

Muscles of the hand

Vessels and nerves of the forearm

Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm

Anatomy clinical correlates: Axilla

Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder

Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand

Agoraphobia

Generalized anxiety disorder

Panic disorder

Phobias

Social anxiety disorder

Bipolar disorder

Major depressive disorder

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Seasonal affective disorder

Suicide

Anorexia nervosa

Bulimia nervosa

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Serotonin syndrome

Alzheimer disease

Amnesia

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Delirium

Dissociative disorders

Frontotemporal dementia

Huntington disease

Lewy body dementia

Parkinson disease

Vascular dementia

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Autism spectrum disorder

Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders

Encopresis

Enuresis

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Learning disability

Rett syndrome

Tourette syndrome

Body dysmorphic disorder

Body focused repetitive disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Cluster A personality disorders

Cluster B personality disorders

Cluster C personality disorders

Delusional disorder

Schizoaffective disorder

Schizophrenia

Schizophreniform disorder

Bruxism

Insomnia

Narcolepsy (NORD)

Night terrors

Nocturnal enuresis

Factitious disorder

Somatic symptom disorder

Alcohol use disorder

Cannabis dependence

Cocaine dependence

Opioid dependence

Tobacco dependence

Physical and sexual abuse

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review

Childhood and early-onset psychological disorders: Pathology review

Dementia: Pathology review

Developmental and learning disorders: Pathology review

Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Alcohol: Pathology review

Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review

Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Other depressants: Pathology review

Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Stimulants: Pathology review

Eating disorders: Pathology review

Malingering, factitious disorders and somatoform disorders: Pathology review

Mood disorders: Pathology review

Personality disorders: Pathology review

Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review

Psychological sleep disorders: Pathology review

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Pathology review

Trauma- and stress-related disorders: Pathology review

Atypical antidepressants

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

Tricyclic antidepressants

Atypical antipsychotics

Typical antipsychotics

Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates

Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines

Atypical antipsychotics

Lithium

Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants

Psychomotor stimulants

Carbohydrates and sugars

Fats and lipids

Proteins

Introduction to biostatistics

Probability

Types of data

Chi-squared test

Fisher's exact test

Kaplan-Meier survival analysis

Kappa coefficient

Mann-Whitney U test

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient

Type I and type II errors

Correlation

Hypothesis testing: One-tailed and two-tailed tests

Linear regression

Logistic regression

Methods of regression analysis

One-way ANOVA

Paired t-test

Repeated measures ANOVA

Two-sample t-test

Two-way ANOVA

Mean, median, and mode

Normal distribution and z-scores

Range, variance, and standard deviation

Standard error of the mean (Central limit theorem)

Bias in interpreting results of clinical studies

Bias in performing clinical studies

Confounding

Disease causality

Information bias

Interaction

Selection bias

Attributable risk (AR)

DALY and QALY

Direct standardization

Incidence and prevalence

Indirect standardization

Mortality rates and case-fatality

Odds ratio

Relative and absolute risk

Positive and negative predictive value

Sensitivity and specificity

Test precision and accuracy

Disease surveillance

Modes of infectious disease transmission

Outbreak investigations

Prevention

Vaccination and herd immunity

Case-control study

Clinical trials

Cohort study

Cross sectional study

Ecologic study

Placebo effect and masking

Randomized control trial

Sample size

Study designs

Cell membrane

Cell signaling pathways

Cell-cell junctions

Cellular structure and function

Cytoskeleton and intracellular motility

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Extracellular matrix

Nernst equation

Osmosis

Resting membrane potential

Selective permeability of the cell membrane

Amino acids and protein folding

Cell cycle

DNA damage and repair

DNA mutations

DNA replication

DNA structure

Epigenetics

Gene regulation

Lac operon

Mitosis and meiosis

Nuclear structure

Nucleotide metabolism

Protein structure and synthesis

Transcription of DNA

Translation of mRNA

Human development days 1-4

Human development days 4-7

Human development week 2

Human development week 3

Development of the digestive system and body cavities

Development of the fetal membranes

Development of the placenta

Development of the umbilical cord

Development of twins

Hedgehog signaling pathway

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Development of the cardiovascular system

Fetal circulation

Development of the ear

Development of the eye

Development of the face and palate

Pharyngeal arches, pouches, and clefts

Development of the digestive system and body cavities

Development of the gastrointestinal system

Development of the teeth

Development of the tongue

Development of the integumentary system

Development of the axial skeleton

Development of the limbs

Development of the muscular system

Development of the nervous system

Development of the renal system

Development of the reproductive system

Development of the respiratory system

Evolution and natural selection

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Independent assortment of genes and linkage

Inheritance patterns

Mendelian genetics and punnett squares

Amino acids and protein folding

Cell cycle

DNA damage and repair

DNA mutations

DNA replication

DNA structure

Epigenetics

Gene regulation

Lac operon

Mitosis and meiosis

Nuclear structure

Nucleotide metabolism

Protein structure and synthesis

Transcription of DNA

Translation of mRNA

Arteriole, venule and capillary histology

Artery and vein histology

Cardiac muscle histology

Adrenal gland histology

Pancreas histology

Pituitary gland histology

Thyroid and parathyroid gland histology

Eye and ear histology

Nasal cavity and larynx histology

Thyroid and parathyroid gland histology

Colon histology

Esophagus histology

Gallbladder histology

Liver histology

Pancreas histology

Small intestine histology

Stomach histology

Blood histology

Blood histology

Lymph node histology

Spleen histology

Thymus histology

Skin histology

Bone histology

Cartilage histology

Skeletal muscle histology

Central nervous system histology

Peripheral nervous system histology

Kidney histology

Ureter, bladder and urethra histology

Bronchioles and alveoli histology

Nasal cavity and larynx histology

Trachea and bronchi histology

Bacterial structure and functions

Malassezia (Tinea versicolor and Seborrhoeic dermatitis)

Aspergillus fumigatus

Candida

Cryptococcus neoformans

Mucormycosis

Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pneumocystis pneumonia)

Sporothrix schenckii

Blastomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis

Histoplasmosis

Pediculus humanus and Phthirus pubis (Lice)

Sarcoptes scabiei (Scabies)

Viral structure and functions

Prions (Spongiform encephalopathy)

Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

Antituberculosis medications

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins

DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones

DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines

Azoles

Echinocandins

Miscellaneous antifungal medications

Anthelmintic medications

Anti-mite and louse medications

Antimalarials

Hepatitis medications

Herpesvirus medications

Integrase and entry inhibitors

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

Protease inhibitors

Biomechanics: Muscle contractions

Components of the osteopathic structural examination

Treatment of the lymphatics

Cranial osteopathy: Cranial nerves

Primary respiratory mechanism

Viscerosomatics and facilitation

General visceral techniques

Amyloidosis

Free radicals and cellular injury

Hypoxia

Ischemia

Necrosis and apoptosis

Inflammation

Wound healing

Atrophy, aplasia, and hypoplasia

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Metaplasia and dysplasia

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

Endocarditis

Myocarditis

Rheumatic heart disease

Cardiac tumors

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Cor pulmonale

Heart failure

Cardiac tamponade

Dressler syndrome

Pericarditis and pericardial effusion

Shock

Aortic valve disease

Mitral valve disease

Pulmonary valve disease

Tricuspid valve disease

Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review

Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review

Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review

Cardiac and vascular tumors: Pathology review

Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review

Coronary artery disease: Pathology review

Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review

Dyslipidemias: Pathology review

Endocarditis: Pathology review

Heart blocks: Pathology review

Heart failure: Pathology review

Hypertension: Pathology review

Pericardial disease: Pathology review

Peripheral artery disease: Pathology review

Shock: Pathology review

Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

Valvular heart disease: Pathology review

Vasculitis: Pathology review

Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic retinopathy

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Delayed puberty

Kallmann syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Precocious puberty

Premature ovarian failure

Hypercalcemia

Hyperparathyroidism

Hypocalcemia

Hypoparathyroidism

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (NORD)

Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review

Adrenal masses: Pathology review

Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review

Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review

Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review

Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review

Hypopituitarism: Pathology review

Hypothyroidism: Pathology review

Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review

Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review

Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review

Pituitary tumors: Pathology review

Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review

Bacterial epiglottitis

Laryngitis

Laryngomalacia

Allergic rhinitis

Choanal atresia

Nasal polyps

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma)

Labyrinthitis

Meniere disease

Vertigo

Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review

Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review

Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review

Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review

Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review

Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review

Vertigo: Pathology review

Peritonitis

Pneumoperitoneum

Appendicitis: Pathology review

Cirrhosis: Pathology review

Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review

Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review

Diverticular disease: Pathology review

Esophageal disorders: Pathology review

Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review

Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review

GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review

Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review

Jaundice: Pathology review

Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review

Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review

Pancreatitis: Pathology review

Viral hepatitis: Pathology review

Hemophilia

Vitamin K deficiency

Acute intermittent porphyria

Lead poisoning

Porphyria cutanea tarda

Acute leukemia

Chronic leukemia

Leukemoid reaction

Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Von Willebrand disease

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

Multiple myeloma

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

Bernard-Soulier syndrome

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Antiphospholipid syndrome

Antithrombin III deficiency

Factor V Leiden

Protein C deficiency

Protein S deficiency

Coagulation disorders: Pathology review

Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review

Heme synthesis disorders: Pathology review

Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review

Leukemias: Pathology review

Lymphomas: Pathology review

Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review

Microcytic anemia: Pathology review

Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders: Pathology review

Myeloproliferative disorders: Pathology review

Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review

Plasma cell disorders: Pathology review

Platelet disorders: Pathology review

Thrombosis syndromes (hypercoagulability): Pathology review

Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review

Immunodeficiencies: Combined T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review

Immunodeficiencies: Phagocyte and complement dysfunction: Pathology review

Immunodeficiencies: T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review

Acne vulgaris

Folliculitis

Hidradenitis suppurativa

Rosacea

Erythema multiforme

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Actinic keratosis

Atopic dermatitis

Contact dermatitis

Lichen planus

Pityriasis rosea

Psoriasis

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

Urticaria

Albinism

Vitiligo

Bullous pemphigoid

Epidermolysis bullosa

Pemphigus vulgaris

Acneiform skin disorders: Pathology review

Bacterial and viral skin infections: Pathology review

Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review

Pigmentation skin disorders: Pathology review

Skin cancer: Pathology review

Vesiculobullous and desquamating skin disorders: Pathology review

Viral exanthems of childhood: Pathology review

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

Myasthenia gravis

Antiphospholipid syndrome

Limited systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome)

Mixed connective tissue disease

Raynaud phenomenon

Scleroderma

Sjogren syndrome

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Developmental dysplasia of the hip

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease

Osgood-Schlatter disease (traction apophysitis)

Radial head subluxation (Nursemaid elbow)

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Transient synovitis

Back pain: Pathology review

Bone disorders: Pathology review

Bone tumors: Pathology review

Gout and pseudogout: Pathology review

Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review

Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review

Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review

Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review

Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review

Scleroderma: Pathology review

Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review

Sjogren syndrome: Pathology review

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Pathology review

Horner syndrome

Orthostatic hypotension