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Physician Assistant (PA)

Topics

Anatomy

Basic Sciences

Foundational Sciences

Organ Systems

Clinical Sciences

Clinical Rotations

PANCE® Review

Featured Series

Core Competencies

Basic Sciences /
Foundational Sciences

Anatomy

Embryology

Early development

Weeks 1-4

Human development days 1-4

Human development days 4-7

Human development week 2

Human development week 3

Early structures

Development of the digestive system and body cavities

Development of the fetal membranes

Development of the placenta

Development of the umbilical cord

Development of twins

Hedgehog signaling pathway

Germ layers

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Organ system development

Cardiovascular system

Development of the cardiovascular system

Fetal circulation

Dermatologic system

Development of the integumentary system

Eyes, ears, nose, and throat

Development of the ear

Development of the eye

Development of the face and palate

Pharyngeal arches, pouches, and clefts

Gastrointestinal system/Nutrition

Development of the digestive system and body cavities

Development of the gastrointestinal system

Development of the teeth

Development of the tongue

Genitourinary system

Development of the renal system

Development of the reproductive system

Musculoskeletal system

Development of the axial skeleton

Development of the limbs

Development of the muscular system

Neurologic system

Development of the nervous system

Pulmonary system

Development of the respiratory system

Renal system

Development of the renal system

Reproductive system

Development of the reproductive system

Gross anatomy

Introduction to anatomy

Anatomical terminology

Introduction to the cardiovascular system

Introduction to the central and peripheral nervous systems

Introduction to the lymphatic system

Introduction to the muscular system

Introduction to the skeletal system

Introduction to the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Abdomen

Gross anatomy

Abdominal quadrants, regions and planes

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Blood supply of the foregut, midgut and hindgut

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Innervation of the abdominal viscera

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glands

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Pancreas and spleen

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine

Anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall

Anatomy of the diaphragm

Anatomy of the inguinal region

Anatomy of the muscles and nerves of the posterior abdominal wall

Anatomy of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity

Anatomy of the vessels of the posterior abdominal wall

Anatomy clinical correlates

Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall

Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region

Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs

Anatomy clinical correlates: Peritoneum and diaphragm

Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract

Back

Gross anatomy

Anatomy of the ascending spinal cord pathways

Anatomy of the descending spinal cord pathways

Anatomy of the suboccipital region

Anatomy of the vertebral canal

Bones of the vertebral column

Joints of the vertebral column

Muscles of the back

Vessels and nerves of the vertebral column

Anatomy clinical correlates

Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back

Anatomy clinical correlates: Spinal cord pathways

Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal

Brain

Gross anatomy

Anatomy of the basal ganglia

Anatomy of the blood supply to the brain

Anatomy of the brainstem

Anatomy of the cerebellum

Anatomy of the cerebral cortex

Anatomy of the cranial meninges and dural venous sinuses

Anatomy of the diencephalon

Anatomy of the limbic system

Anatomy of the ventricular system

Anatomy of the white matter tracts

Anatomy clinical correlates

Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior blood supply to the brain

Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebellum and brainstem

Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebral hemispheres

Anatomy clinical correlates: Posterior blood supply to the brain

Cranial nerves

Gross anatomy

Introduction to the cranial nerves

Cranial nerve pathways

Anatomy of the olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves

Anatomy of the oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves

Anatomy of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Anatomy of the facial nerve (CN VII)

Anatomy of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Anatomy of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Anatomy of the vagus nerve (CN X)

Anatomy of the spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates

Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves

Head

Gross anatomy

Anatomy of the cranial base

Anatomy of the external and middle ear

Anatomy of the eye

Anatomy of the infratemporal fossa

Anatomy of the inner ear

Anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses

Anatomy of the oral cavity

Anatomy of the orbit

Anatomy of the pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) fossa

Anatomy of the salivary glands

Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication

Anatomy of the tongue

Bones of the cranium

Muscles of the face and scalp

Nerves and vessels of the face and scalp

Anatomy clinical correlates

Anatomy clinical correlates: Ear

Anatomy clinical correlates: Eye

Anatomy clinical correlates: Skull, face and scalp

Anatomy clinical correlates: Temporal regions, oral cavity and nose

Lower limb

Gross anatomy

Anatomy of the anterior and medial thigh

Anatomy of the foot

Anatomy of the hip joint

Anatomy of the knee joint

Anatomy of the leg

Anatomy of the popliteal fossa

Anatomy of the tibiofibular joints

Bones of the lower limb

Joints of the ankle and foot

Muscles of the gluteal region and posterior thigh

Vessels and nerves of the gluteal region and posterior thigh

Anatomy clinical correlates

Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot

Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh

Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee

Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle

Neck

Gross anatomy

Anatomy of the larynx and trachea

Anatomy of the lymphatics of the neck

Anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus

Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

Bones of the neck

Deep structures of the neck: Prevertebral muscles

Deep structures of the neck: Root of the neck

Fascia and spaces of the neck

Superficial structures of the neck: Anterior triangle

Superficial structures of the neck: Cervical plexus

Superficial structures of the neck: Posterior triangle

Anatomy clinical correlates

Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck

Anatomy clinical correlates: Vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the neck

Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the neck

Pelvis and perineum

Gross anatomy

Anatomy of the female reproductive organs of the pelvis

Anatomy of the female urogenital triangle

Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum

Anatomy of the male reproductive organs of the pelvis

Anatomy of the male urogenital triangle

Anatomy of the pelvic cavity

Anatomy of the pelvic girdle

Anatomy of the perineum

Anatomy of the urinary organs of the pelvis

Arteries and veins of the pelvis

Nerves and lymphatics of the pelvis

Anatomy clinical correlates

Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum

Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum

Thorax

Gross anatomy

Anatomy of the breast

Anatomy of the coronary circulation

Anatomy of the heart

Anatomy of the inferior mediastinum

Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree

Anatomy of the pleura

Anatomy of the superior mediastinum

Bones and joints of the thoracic wall

Muscles of the thoracic wall

Vessels and nerves of the thoracic wall

Anatomy clinical correlates

Anatomy clinical correlates: Breast

Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart

Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum

Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs

Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall

Upper limb

Gross anatomy

Anatomy of the arm

Anatomy of the axilla

Anatomy of the brachial plexus

Anatomy of the elbow joint

Anatomy of the glenohumeral joint

Anatomy of the pectoral and scapular regions

Anatomy of the radioulnar joints

Anatomy of the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints

Bones of the upper limb

Fascia, vessels and nerves of the upper limb

Joints of the wrist and hand

Muscles of the forearm

Muscles of the hand

Vessels and nerves of the forearm

Anatomy clinical correlates

Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm

Anatomy clinical correlates: Axilla

Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder

Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves

Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand

Histology

Introduction to histology

Light microscopy and staining methods

Organ system histology

Cardiovascular system

Arteriole, venule and capillary histology

Artery and vein histology

Cardiac muscle histology

Dermatologic system

Skin histology

Endocrine system

Adrenal gland histology

Pancreas histology

Pituitary gland histology

Thyroid and parathyroid gland histology

Eyes, ears, nose, and throat

Eye and ear histology

Nasal cavity and larynx histology

Gastrointestinal system/Nutrition

Colon histology

Esophagus histology

Gallbladder histology

Liver histology

Pancreas histology

Small intestine histology

Stomach histology

Genitourinary system

Penis histology

Prostate gland histology

Testis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicle histology

Ureter, bladder and urethra histology

Hematologic system

Blood histology

Immune system

Blood histology

Lymph node histology

Spleen histology

Thymus histology

Musculoskeletal system

Bone histology

Cartilage histology

Skeletal muscle histology

Neurologic system

Central nervous system histology

Peripheral nervous system histology

Pulmonary system

Bronchioles and alveoli histology

Nasal cavity and larynx histology

Trachea and bronchi histology

Renal system

Kidney histology

Reproductive system

Cervix and vagina histology

Fallopian tube and uterus histology

Mammary gland histology

Ovary histology

Penis histology

Prostate gland histology

Testis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicle histology

Genetic and molecular mechanisms of health and disease

Genetics

Population genetics

Evolution and natural selection

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Independent assortment of genes and linkage

Inheritance patterns

Mendelian genetics and punnett squares

Genetic disorders

Autosomal dominant disorders

Achondroplasia

Alagille syndrome (NORD)

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Hereditary spherocytosis

Huntington disease

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Marfan syndrome

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

Myotonic dystrophy

Neurofibromatosis

Polycystic kidney disease

Treacher Collins syndrome

Tuberous sclerosis

von Hippel-Lindau disease

Autosomal recessive disorders

Albinism

Alpha-thalassemia

Beta-thalassemia

Cystic fibrosis

Friedreich ataxia

Gaucher disease (NORD)

Glycogen storage disease type I

Glycogen storage disease type II (NORD)

Glycogen storage disease type III

Glycogen storage disease type IV

Glycogen storage disease type V

Hemochromatosis

Krabbe disease

Leukodystrophy

Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 1 (Hurler syndrome) (NORD)

Niemann-Pick disease type C

Niemann-Pick disease types A and B (NORD)

Phenylketonuria (NORD)

Polycystic kidney disease

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

Sickle cell disease (NORD)

Tay-Sachs disease (NORD)

Wilson disease

Chromosomal deletion syndromes

Cri du chat syndrome

Williams syndrome

Imprinting disorders

Angelman syndrome

Prader-Willi syndrome

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Mitochondrial genetic disorders

Mitochondrial myopathy

Sex chromosome disorders

Klinefelter syndrome

Turner syndrome

Trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders

Fragile X syndrome

Friedreich ataxia

Huntington disease

Myotonic dystrophy

Trisomies

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18)

Patau syndrome (Trisomy 13)

X-linked dominant disorders

Alport syndrome

Fragile X syndrome

X-linked recessive disorders

Fabry disease (NORD)

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

Hemophilia

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2 (Hunter syndrome) (NORD)

Muscular dystrophy

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

X-linked agammaglobulinemia

Genetic disorders review

Autosomal trisomies: Pathology review

Miscellaneous genetic disorders: Pathology review

Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review

Laboratory techniques

DNA cloning

ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

Gel electrophoresis and genetic testing

Karyotyping

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

Molecular biology

Amino acids and protein folding

Cell cycle

DNA damage and repair

DNA mutations

DNA replication

DNA structure

Epigenetics

Gene regulation

Lac operon

Mitosis and meiosis

Nuclear structure

Nucleotide metabolism

Protein structure and synthesis

Transcription of DNA

Translation of mRNA

Disorders of molecular biology

DNA damage

Acute radiation syndrome

DNA replication and repair disorders

Bloom syndrome

Fanconi anemia

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

McCune-Albright syndrome

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Purine and pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism disorders

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Orotic aciduria

Disorders of molecular biology review

Purine and pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism disorders: Pathology review

Infectious diseases

Bacteriology

Introduction to bacteria

Bacterial structure and functions

Gram positive bacteria

Aerobic rods

Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)

Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)

Listeria monocytogenes

Anaerobic rods

Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)

Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)

Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)

Filaments

Actinomyces israelii

Nocardia

Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Streptococcus

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep)

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)

Streptococcus viridans

Other gram positive cocci

Enterococcus

Mycobacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)

Non-tuberculous mycobacterium

Mycobacterium avium complex (NORD)

Mycobacterium leprae

Other bacteria

Chlamydia

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Chlamydia trachomatis

Gram variable bacteria

Gardnerella vaginalis (Bacterial vaginosis)

Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Rickettsia and related bacteria

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)

Ehrlichia and Anaplasma

Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) and other Rickettsia species

Spirochetes

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

Borrelia species (Relapsing fever)

Leptospira

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)

Mycology

Cutaneous fungal infections

Malassezia (Tinea versicolor and Seborrhoeic dermatitis)

Opportunistic fungal infections

Aspergillus fumigatus

Candida

Cryptococcus neoformans

Mucormycosis

Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pneumocystis pneumonia)

Sporothrix schenckii

Systemic fungal infections

Blastomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis

Histoplasmosis

Parasitology

Ectoparasites

Pediculus humanus and Phthirus pubis (Lice)

Sarcoptes scabiei (Scabies)

Protozoa

Central nervous system infections

Acanthamoeba

Naegleria fowleri (Primary amebic meningoencephalitis)

Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)

Gastrointestinal infections

Cryptosporidium

Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)

Giardia lamblia

Hematologic infections

Babesia

Plasmodium species (Malaria)

Other protozoal infections

Leishmania

Trichomonas vaginalis

Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease)

Worms

Cestodes (tapeworms)

Diphyllobothrium latum

Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid disease)

Nematodes (roundworms)

Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

Angiostrongylus (Eosinophilic meningitis)

Anisakis

Ascaris lumbricoides

Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)

Guinea worm (Dracunculiasis)

Loa loa (Eye worm)

Onchocerca volvulus (River blindness)

Strongyloides stercoralis

Toxocara canis (Visceral larva migrans)

Trichinella spiralis

Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)

Wuchereria bancrofti (Lymphatic filariasis)

Trematodes (flatworms)

Clonorchis sinensis

Paragonimus westermani

Schistosomes

Virology

Introduction to viruses

Viral structure and functions

DNA viruses

Adenoviruses

Adenovirus

Hepadnaviruses

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D virus

Herpesviruses

Cytomegalovirus

Epstein-Barr virus (Infectious mononucleosis)

Herpes simplex virus

Human herpesvirus 6 (Roseola)

Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)

Varicella zoster virus

Papillomaviruses

Human papillomavirus

Parvoviruses

Parvovirus B19

Polyomaviruses

BK virus (Hemorrhagic cystitis)

JC virus (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)

Poxviruses

Poxvirus (Smallpox and Molluscum contagiosum)

RNA viruses

Arenaviruses

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

Bunyaviruses

Hantavirus

Caliciviruses

Norovirus

Coronaviruses

Delta virus

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D virus

Filoviruses

Ebola virus

Flaviviruses

Dengue virus

Hepatitis C virus

West Nile virus

Yellow fever virus

Zika virus

Orthomyxoviruses

Influenza virus

Paramyxoviruses

Human parainfluenza viruses

Measles virus

Mumps virus

Respiratory syncytial virus

Picornavirus and hepevirus

Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E virus

Picornaviruses

Coxsackievirus

Poliovirus

Rhinovirus

Reoviruses

Rotavirus

Retroviruses

HIV (AIDS)

Human T-lymphotropic virus

Rhabdoviruses

Rabies virus

Togaviruses

Eastern and Western equine encephalitis virus

Rubella virus

Prions and virioids

Prions (Spongiform encephalopathy)

Pharmacology and pharmaceutical therapeutics

Antibiotics

Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

Antituberculosis medications

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins

DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones

DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines

Antifungals

Azoles

Echinocandins

Miscellaneous antifungal medications

Antiparasitics

Anthelmintic medications

Anti-mite and louse medications

Antimalarials

Antivirals

Hepatitis medications

Herpesvirus medications

Integrase and entry inhibitors

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

Protease inhibitors

Interpreting and evaluating the medical literature

Biostatistics

Introduction to biostatistics

Probability

Types of data

Non-parametric tests

Chi-squared test

Fisher's exact test

Kaplan-Meier survival analysis

Kappa coefficient

Mann-Whitney U test

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient

Outcomes of statistical hypothesis testing

Type I and type II errors

Parametric tests

Correlation

Hypothesis testing: One-tailed and two-tailed tests

Linear regression

Logistic regression

Methods of regression analysis

One-way ANOVA

Paired t-test

Repeated measures ANOVA

Two-sample t-test

Two-way ANOVA

Statistical probability distributions

Mean, median, and mode

Normal distribution and z-scores

Range, variance, and standard deviation

Standard error of the mean (Central limit theorem)

Pathophysiology

Introduction to pathophysiology

Cellular injury

Amyloidosis

Free radicals and cellular injury

Hypoxia

Ischemia

Necrosis and apoptosis

Inflammation

Wound healing

Neoplasia

Atrophy, aplasia, and hypoplasia

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Metaplasia and dysplasia

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

Cardiovascular system

Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Conduction disorders and dysrhythmias

Bradycardia and heart block

Atrioventricular block

Bundle branch block

Pulseless electrical activity

Supraventricular tachycardias

Atrial fibrillation

Atrial flutter

Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)

Premature atrial contraction

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Ventricular tachycardias

Brugada syndrome

Long QT syndrome and Torsade de pointes

Premature ventricular contraction

Ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular tachycardia

Congenital heart disease

Acyanotic congenital heart disease

Atrial septal defect

Coarctation of the aorta

Patent ductus arteriosus

Ventricular septal defect

Cyanotic congenital heart disease

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Tetralogy of Fallot

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

Transposition of the great vessels

Truncus arteriosus

Coronary artery disease

Acute myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction

Angina pectoris

Prinzmetal angina

Stable angina

Unstable angina

Heart failure

Cor pulmonale

Heart failure

Hypertension

Coarctation of the aorta

Conn syndrome

Cushing syndrome

Hypertension

Hypertensive emergency

Pheochromocytoma

Polycystic kidney disease

Renal artery stenosis

Hypotension

Orthostatic hypotension

Shock

Lipid disorders

Abetalipoproteinemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Hyperlipidemia

Hypertriglyceridemia

Traumatic, infectious, and inflammatory heart conditions

Cardiac tamponade

Dressler syndrome

Endocarditis

Myocarditis

Pericarditis and pericardial effusion

Rheumatic heart disease

Valvular disorders

Aortic valve disease

Mitral valve disease

Pulmonary valve disease

Tricuspid valve disease

Vascular disease

Aneurysms

Aortic dissection

Arterial disease

Behcet's disease

Chronic venous insufficiency

Deep vein thrombosis

Peripheral artery disease

Thrombophlebitis

Cardiovascular system pathology review

Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review

Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review

Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review

Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review

Coronary artery disease: Pathology review

Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review

Dyslipidemias: Pathology review

Endocarditis: Pathology review

Heart blocks: Pathology review

Heart failure: Pathology review

Hypertension: Pathology review

Pericardial disease: Pathology review

Peripheral artery disease: Pathology review

Shock: Pathology review

Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

Valvular heart disease: Pathology review

Vasculitis: Pathology review

Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

Dermatologic system

Acneiform eruptions

Acne vulgaris

Folliculitis

Rosacea

Desquamation

Erythema multiforme

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Diseases and disorders of the hair and nails

Hair disorders

Alopecia areata

Telogen effluvium

Nail disorders

Onychomycosis

Exanthems

Human herpesvirus 6 (Roseola)

Measles virus

Parvovirus B19

Rubella virus

Varicella zoster virus

Infectious diseases

Bacterial

Cellulitis

Erysipelas

Impetigo

Necrotizing fasciitis

Fungal

Candida

Malassezia (Tinea versicolor and Seborrhoeic dermatitis)

Parasitic

Pediculus humanus and Phthirus pubis (Lice)

Sarcoptes scabiei (Scabies)

Viral

Coxsackievirus

Herpes simplex virus

Human papillomavirus

Poxvirus (Smallpox and Molluscum contagiosum)

Varicella zoster virus

Keratotic disorders

Actinic keratosis

Neoplasms

Skin cancer

Papulosquamous disorders

Atopic dermatitis

Contact dermatitis

Lichen planus

Pityriasis rosea

Psoriasis

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

Pigment disorders

Albinism

Vitiligo

Skin integrity

Burns

Sunburn

Frostbite

Skin ulcers

Pressure ulcer

Vascular abnormalities

Angiosarcomas

Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)

Vascular tumors

Vesiculobullous disease

Bullous pemphigoid

Epidermolysis bullosa

Pemphigus vulgaris

Other dermatologic disorders

Hidradenitis suppurativa

Urticaria

Dermatologic system pathology review

Acneiform skin disorders: Pathology review

Bacterial and viral skin infections: Pathology review

Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review

Pigmentation skin disorders: Pathology review

Skin cancer: Pathology review

Vesiculobullous and desquamating skin disorders: Pathology review

Viral exanthems of childhood: Pathology review

Endocrine system

Adrenal disorders

Cushing syndrome

Primary adrenal insufficiency

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic retinopathy

Hypogonadism

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Delayed puberty

Kallmann syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Premature ovarian failure

Neoplasms

Adrenal cortical carcinoma

Carcinoid syndrome

Conn syndrome

Hyperaldosteronism

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

Neuroblastoma

Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Pheochromocytoma

Pituitary adenoma

Prolactinoma

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Thyroid cancer

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Parathyroid disorders

Hypercalcemia

Hyperparathyroidism

Hypocalcemia

Hypoparathyroidism

Pituitary disorders

Hyperpituitarism

Acromegaly

Gigantism

Hyperpituitarism

Hyperprolactinemia

Hypopituitarism

Constitutional growth delay

Growth hormone deficiency

Hypopituitarism

Hypoprolactinemia

Pituitary apoplexy

Sheehan syndrome

Posterior pituitary gland disorders

Diabetes insipidus

Thyroid gland disorders

Hyperthyroidism

Graves disease

Hyperthyroidism

Thyroid eye disease (NORD)

Thyroid storm

Toxic multinodular goiter

Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis

Euthyroid sick syndrome

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Hypothyroidism

Postpartum thyroiditis

Riedel thyroiditis

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

Endocrine system pathology review

Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review

Adrenal masses: Pathology review

Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review

Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review

Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review

Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review

Hypopituitarism: Pathology review

Hypothyroidism: Pathology review

Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review

Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review

Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review

Pituitary tumors: Pathology review

Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review

Eyes, ears, nose, and throat

Ear disorders

External ear

Otitis externa

Hearing impairment

Conductive hearing loss

Inner ear

Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma)

Eustachian tube dysfunction

Labyrinthitis

Vertigo

Middle ear

Otitis media

Tympanic membrane perforation

Other abnormalities of the ear

Meniere disease

Eye disorders

Conjunctival disorders

Conjunctivitis

Neonatal conjunctivitis

Corneal disorders

Cataract

Corneal ulcer

Keratitis

Lid disorders

Hordeolum (stye)

Orbital disorders

Orbital cellulitis

Periorbital cellulitis

Uveitis

Retinal disorders

Age-related macular degeneration

Diabetic retinopathy

Retinal detachment

Retinopathy of prematurity

Vision abnormalities

Bitemporal hemianopsia

Color blindness

Cortical blindness

Glaucoma

Hemianopsia

Homonymous hemianopsia

Neoplasms

Esophageal cancer

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Oral cancer

Retinoblastoma

Warthin tumor

Nose and sinus disorders

Allergic rhinitis

Nasal polyps

Oropharyngeal disorders

Infectious and inflammatory disorders

Aphthous ulcers

Bacterial epiglottitis

Herpes simplex virus

Laryngitis

Oral candidiasis

Retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses

Oral cavity disorders

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction

Salivary disorders

Parotitis

Sialadenitis

Eyes, ears, nose, and throat pathology review

Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review

Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review

Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review

Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review

Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review

Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review

Vertigo: Pathology review

Gastrointestinal system and nutrition

Biliary disorders

Acute cholecystitis

Ascending cholangitis

Biliary colic

Chronic cholecystitis

Gallbladder cancer

Gallstone ileus

Gallstones

Colorectal disorders

Anorectal disorders

Anal fissure

Anal fistula

Hemorrhoid

Rectal prolapse

Diverticulitis

Diverticulosis and diverticulitis

Inflammatory bowel disease

Crohn disease

Microscopic colitis

Ulcerative colitis

Irritable bowel syndrome

Ischemic bowel disease

Ischemic colitis

Small bowel ischemia and infarction

Obstruction

Bowel obstruction

Gallstone ileus

Intestinal adhesions

Volvulus

Polyps

Colorectal polyps

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Gardner syndrome

Juvenile polyposis syndrome

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Esophageal disorders

Achalasia

Barrett esophagus

Boerhaave syndrome

Diffuse esophageal spasm

Eosinophilic esophagitis (NORD)

Esophageal web

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Zenker diverticulum

Food allergies and food sensitivities

Lactose intolerance

Gastric disorders

Gastritis

Gastroenteritis

Peptic ulcer

Pyloric stenosis

Infectious diarrhea

Adenovirus

Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)

Campylobacter jejuni

Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)

Clostridium perfringens

Cryptosporidium

Cytomegalovirus

Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)

Escherichia coli

Giardia lamblia

Norovirus

Rotavirus

Salmonella (non-typhoidal)

Shigella

Staphylococcus aureus

Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)

Yersinia enterocolitica

Ingestion of toxic substances or foreign bodies

Arsenic poisoning

Cyanide poisoning

Ethylene glycol poisoning

Lead poisoning

Mercury poisoning

Methemoglobinemia

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Paracetamol toxicity

Serotonin syndrome

Hernias

Femoral hernia

Inguinal hernia

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Metabolic disorders

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

Osteomalacia and rickets

Paget disease of bone

Phenylketonuria (NORD)

Neoplasms

Carcinoid syndrome

Cholangiocarcinoma

Colorectal cancer

Esophageal cancer

Gastric cancer

Hepatocellular adenoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Nutrition and vitamin disorders

Beriberi

Excess Vitamin A

Excess Vitamin D

Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency

Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Vitamin C deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency

Vitamin K deficiency

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Pancreatic disorders

Acute pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis

Pancreatic pseudocyst

Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity disorders

Peritonitis

Pneumoperitoneum

Small intestine disorders

Appendicitis

Celiac disease

Intussusception

Gastrointestinal system/Nutrition pathology review

Appendicitis: Pathology review

Cirrhosis: Pathology review

Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review

Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review

Disorders of amino acid metabolism: Pathology review

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: Pathology review

Diverticular disease: Pathology review

Environmental and chemical toxicities: Pathology review

Esophageal disorders: Pathology review

Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: Pathology review

Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review

Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review

GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review

Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review

Jaundice: Pathology review

Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review

Medication overdoses and toxicities: Pathology review

Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review

Pancreatitis: Pathology review

Viral hepatitis: Pathology review

Water-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: B1-B7: Pathology review

Genitourinary system

Bladder disorders

Neurogenic bladder

Urinary incontinence

Congenital and acquired abnormalities

Cryptorchidism

Posterior urethral valves

Vesicoureteral reflux

Human sexuality

Erectile dysfunction

Female sexual interest and arousal disorder

Genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Orgasmic dysfunction

Infectious disorders

Acute pyelonephritis

Chronic pyelonephritis

Epididymitis

Lower urinary tract infection

Orchitis

Prostatitis

Neoplasms

Non-urothelial bladder cancers

Penile cancer

Prostate cancer

Testicular cancer

Transitional cell carcinoma

Nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis

Kidney stones

Penile disorders

Hypospadias and epispadias

Erectile dysfunction

Testicular disorders

Testicular torsion

Prostate disorders

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Genitourinary system pathology review

Congenital renal disorders: Pathology review

Kidney stones: Pathology review

Penile conditions: Pathology review

Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review

Testicular and scrotal conditions: Pathology review

Testicular tumors: Pathology review

Urinary incontinence: Pathology review

Urinary tract infections: Pathology review

Hematologic system

Coagulation disorders

Clotting factor disorders

Hemophilia

Vitamin K deficiency

Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Von Willebrand disease

Thrombocytopenias

Bernard-Soulier syndrome

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Thrombosis syndromes (hypercoagulability)

Antiphospholipid syndrome

Antithrombin III deficiency

Factor V Leiden

Protein C deficiency

Protein S deficiency

Cytopenias

Hemolytic normocytic anemias

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Hereditary spherocytosis

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Sickle cell disease (NORD)

Megaloblastic macrocytic anemias

Fanconi anemia

Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency

Megaloblastic anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Microcytic anemias

Alpha-thalassemia

Anemia of chronic disease

Beta-thalassemia

Iron deficiency anemia

Lead poisoning

Sideroblastic anemia

Non-hemolytic normocytic anemias

Anemia of chronic disease

Aplastic anemia

Diamond-Blackfan anemia

Non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemias

Fanconi anemia

Hemoglobinopathies

Alpha-thalassemia

Beta-thalassemia

Hemochromatosis

Sickle cell disease (NORD)

Neoplasms, premalignancies, and malignancies

Dysplastic and proliferative disorders

Essential thrombocythemia (NORD)

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Myelodysplastic syndromes

Myelofibrosis (NORD)

Polycythemia vera (NORD)

Leukemias

Acute leukemia

Chronic leukemia

Lymphomas

Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Plasma cell dyscrasias

Multiple myeloma

Hematological system pathology review

Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review

Coagulation disorders: Pathology review

Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review

Heme synthesis disorders: Pathology review

Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review

Leukemias: Pathology review

Lymphomas: Pathology review

Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review

Microcytic anemia: Pathology review

Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders: Pathology review

Myeloproliferative disorders: Pathology review

Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review

Plasma cell disorders: Pathology review

Platelet disorders: Pathology review

Thrombosis syndromes (hypercoagulability): Pathology review

Immune system

General infections

Sepsis

Neonatal sepsis

Sepsis

Abscess

Abscesses

Hypersensitivity reactions

Type I hypersensitivity reactions

Type I hypersensitivity

Type II hypersensitivity reactions

Type II hypersensitivity

Type III hypersensitivity reactions

Type III hypersensitivity

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions

Type IV hypersensitivity

Immune system organ disorders

Thymic disorders

Thymoma

Splenic disorders

Ruptured spleen

Immunodeficiences

Asplenia

B-cell disorders

Common variable immunodeficiency

Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome

IgG subclass deficiency

Isolated primary immunoglobulin M deficiency

Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency

X-linked agammaglobulinemia

Combined B-cell and T-cell disorders

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

Ataxia-telangiectasia

Hyper IgM syndrome

Severe combined immunodeficiency

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

Complement deficiencies

Complement deficiency

Hereditary angioedema

Other complications

Cytomegalovirus infection after transplant (NORD)

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (NORD)

Phagocyte dysfunction

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Chronic granulomatous disease

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Transplants

T-cell disorders

DiGeorge syndrome

Thymic aplasia

Transplant rejection

Graft-versus-host disease

Transplant rejection

Immune system pathology review

Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review

Immunodeficiencies: Combined T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review

Immunodeficiencies: Phagocyte and complement dysfunction: Pathology review

Immunodeficiencies: T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review

Musculoskeletal system

Compartment syndrome

Degenerative diseases

Osteoarthritis

Infectious diseases

Osteomyelitis

Septic arthritis

Lower extremity disorders

Other lower extremity disorders

Baker cyst

Bursitis

Developmental dysplasia of the hip

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease

Osgood-Schlatter disease (traction apophysitis)

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Transient synovitis

Soft-tissue injuries

Achilles tendon rupture

Anterior cruciate ligament injury

Iliotibial band syndrome

Meniscus tear

Patellar tendon rupture

Patellofemoral pain syndrome

Sprained ankle

Unhappy triad

Neoplasms

Bone tumors

Chondrosarcoma

Osteochondroma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Rheumatologic disorders

Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (pseudogout)

Fibromyalgia

Gout

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Limited systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome)

Mixed connective tissue disease

Osteoporosis

Polymyalgia rheumatica

Psoriatic arthritis

Raynaud phenomenon

Reactive arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Scleroderma

Sjogren syndrome

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Spinal disorders

Ankylosing spondylitis

Degenerative disc disease

Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis

Sciatica

Spinal disc herniation

Spinal stenosis

Spondylitis

Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolysis

Spondylosis

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Upper extremity disorders

Dislocated shoulder

Radial head subluxation (Nursemaid elbow)

Rotator cuff tear

Musculoskeletal system pathology review

Back pain: Pathology review

Bone disorders: Pathology review

Bone tumors: Pathology review

Gout and pseudogout: Pathology review

Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review

Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review

Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review

Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review

Scleroderma: Pathology review

Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review

Sjogren syndrome: Pathology review

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Pathology review

Neurologic system

Closed head injuries

Concussion and traumatic brain injury

Congenital disorders

Chiari malformation

Dandy-Walker malformation

Septo-optic dysplasia

Spina bifida

Spinocerebellar ataxia (NORD)

Syringomyelia

Tethered spinal cord syndrome

Cranial nerve palsies

Bell palsy

Trigeminal neuralgia

Headaches

Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Cluster headache

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Migraine

Tension headache

Trigeminal neuralgia

Infectious disorders

Brain abscess

Encephalitis

Epidural abscess

JC virus (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)

Meningitis

Neonatal meningitis

Poliovirus

Movement disorders

Essential tremor

Huntington disease

Parkinson disease

Tourette syndrome

Neoplasms

Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma)

Adult brain tumors

Pediatric brain tumors

Pituitary adenoma

Neurocognitive disorders

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Alzheimer disease

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Delirium

Frontotemporal dementia

Lewy body dementia

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Vascular dementia

Neuromuscular disorders

Cerebral palsy

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

Multiple sclerosis

Myasthenia gravis

Peripheral nerve disorders

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Erb-Duchenne palsy

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Klumpke paralysis

Sciatica

Spinal muscular atrophy

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Ulnar claw

Winged scapula

Seizure disorders

Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (NORD)

Epilepsy

Febrile seizure

Spinal cord lesions

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome

Friedreich ataxia

Neurogenic bladder

Syringomyelia

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Vascular disorders

Arteriovenous malformation

Broca aphasia

Epidural hematoma

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Ischemic stroke

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Saccular aneurysm

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subdural hematoma

Transient ischemic attack

Wernicke aphasia

Neurologic system pathology review

Adult brain tumors: Pathology review

Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review

Central nervous system infections: Pathology review

Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review

Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review

Dementia: Pathology review

Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review

Headaches: Pathology review

Movement disorders: Pathology review

Neurocutaneous disorders: Pathology review

Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review

Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review

Seizures: Pathology review

Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review

Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review

Pulmonary system

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency

Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema

Infectious disorders

Bacterial epiglottitis

Bacterial tracheitis

Croup

Laryngitis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)

Pneumonia

Retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses

Sinusitis

Upper respiratory tract infection

Neoplasms

Carcinoid syndrome

Lung cancer

Mesothelioma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Pancoast tumor

Superior vena cava syndrome

Pleura and pleural space disorders

Pleural effusion

Pneumothorax

Pulmonary circulation

Cor pulmonale

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary vascular disorders

Pulmonary edema

Restrictive pulmonary diseases

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Restrictive lung diseases

Sarcoidosis

Sleep apnea and obesity hypoventilation syndrome

Sleep apnea

Other pulmonary disorders

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Asthma

Bronchiectasis

Cystic fibrosis

Decompression sickness

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Pulmonary system pathology review

Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review

Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review

Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review

Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review

Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review

Pneumonia: Pathology review

Respiratory distress syndrome: Pathology review

Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review

Tuberculosis: Pathology review

Renal system

Acute disorders

Glomerulonephritis

Alport syndrome

Goodpasture syndrome

IgA nephropathy (NORD)

Lupus nephritis

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Nephrotic syndrome

Amyloidosis

Diabetic nephropathy

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (NORD)

Lupus nephritis

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Membranous nephropathy

Minimal change disease

Pyelonephritis

Acute pyelonephritis

Acute kidney injury

Acute tubular necrosis

Postrenal azotemia

Prerenal azotemia

Renal azotemia

Chronic kidney disease

Congenital or structural renal disorders

Horseshoe kidney

Hydronephrosis

Medullary cystic kidney disease

Medullary sponge kidney

Multicystic dysplastic kidney

Polycystic kidney disease

Potter sequence

Renal agenesis

Renal artery stenosis

Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Acid-base disorders

Metabolic acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory alkalosis

Electrolyte disorders

Hypercalcemia

Hyperkalemia

Hypermagnesemia

Hypernatremia

Hyperphosphatemia

Hypocalcemia

Hypokalemia

Hypomagnesemia

Hyponatremia

Hypophosphatemia

Neoplasms

Angiomyolipoma

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)

Renal cell carcinoma

WAGR syndrome

Renal system pathology review

Acid-base disturbances: Pathology review

Congenital renal disorders: Pathology review

Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review

Heart failure: Pathology review

Kidney stones: Pathology review

Nephritic syndromes: Pathology review

Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review

Renal and urinary tract masses: Pathology review

Renal failure: Pathology review

Renal tubular acidosis: Pathology review

Renal tubular defects: Pathology review

Urinary incontinence: Pathology review

Urinary tract infections: Pathology review

Reproductive system

Breast disorders

Fibrocystic breast changes

Mastitis

Complicated pregnancy

Cervical incompetence

Ectopic pregnancy

Gestational diabetes

Gestational hypertension

Gestational trophoblastic disease

Hyperemesis gravidarum

Intrauterine growth restriction

Miscarriage

Oligohydramnios

Placenta accreta

Placenta previa

Placental abruption

Polyhydramnios

Postpartum hemorrhage

Potter sequence

Preeclampsia & eclampsia

Preterm labor

Disorders of puberty, sex chromosomes, and sex hormones

Disorders of puberty

Delayed puberty

Precocious puberty

Disorders of sex chromosomes and hormones

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Kallmann syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome

Turner syndrome

Human sexuality

Erectile dysfunction

Female sexual interest and arousal disorder

Genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Orgasmic dysfunction

Menstrual disorders

Amenorrhea

Neoplasms of the breast and reproductive tract

Breast cancer

Cervical cancer

Choriocarcinoma

Endometrial cancer

Endometrial hyperplasia

Germ cell ovarian tumor

Intraductal papilloma

Krukenberg tumor

Paget disease of the breast

Phyllodes tumor

Sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor

Surface epithelial-stromal tumor

Ovarian disorders

Ovarian cyst

Ovarian torsion

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Premature ovarian failure

Perinatal infections

Chorioamnionitis

Congenital cytomegalovirus (NORD)

Congenital rubella syndrome

Congenital syphilis

Congenital toxoplasmosis

Neonatal conjunctivitis

Neonatal herpes simplex

Neonatal meningitis

Neonatal sepsis

Sexually transmitted infections and pelvic inflammatory disease

Chlamydia trachomatis

Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid)

Herpes simplex virus

HIV (AIDS)

Human papillomavirus

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)

Trichomonas vaginalis

Urethritis

Teratogens

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Fetal hydantoin syndrome

Trauma

Physical and sexual abuse

Uterine disorders

Endometriosis

Endometritis

Uterine fibroid

Reproductive system pathology review

Amenorrhea: Pathology review

Benign breast conditions: Pathology review

Breast cancer: Pathology review

Cervical cancer: Pathology review

Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review

Congenital TORCH infections: Pathology review

Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review

Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review

HIV and AIDS: Pathology review

Ovarian cysts and tumors: Pathology review

Sexually transmitted infections: Vaginitis and cervicitis: Pathology review

Sexually transmitted infections: Warts and ulcers: Pathology review

Uterine disorders: Pathology review

Vaginal and vulvar disorders: Pathology review

Pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics

Introduction to pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics

Introduction

Introduction to pharmacology

Enzyme kinetics

Enzyme function

Drug administration

Drug administration and dosing regimens

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics: Agonist, partial agonist and antagonist

Pharmacodynamics: Desensitization and tolerance

Pharmacodynamics: Drug-receptor interactions

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics: Drug absorption and distribution

Pharmacokinetics: Drug elimination and clearance

Pharmacokinetics: Drug metabolism

Autonomic medications

Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers

Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers

Adrenergic antagonists: Presynaptic

Adrenergic receptors

Cholinergic receptors

Cholinomimetics: Direct agonists

Cholinomimetics: Indirect agonists (anticholinesterases)

Muscarinic antagonists

Sympatholytics: Alpha-2 agonists

Sympathomimetics: Direct agonists

Cardiovascular system

Antianginals

Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers

Calcium channel blockers

cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators

Antiarrhythmics

Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers

Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers

Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers

Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others

Antihypertensives

ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors

Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers

Calcium channel blockers

Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics

Lipid-lowering medications

Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates

Lipid-lowering medications: Statins

Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications

Positive inotropic medications

Dermatologic system

Glucocorticoids

Non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

Endocrine system

Adrenal gland medications

Adrenal hormone synthesis inhibitors

Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid antagonists

Diabetes medications

Hypoglycemics: Insulin secretagogues

Insulins

Miscellaneous hypoglycemics

Thyroid medications

Hyperthyroidism medications

Hypothyroidism medications

Eyes, ears, nose, and throat

Nasal, oral and pharyngeal medications

Acid reducing medications

Antihistamines for allergies

Gastrointestinal system/Nutrition

Acid reducing medications

Antidiarrheals

Laxatives and cathartics

Genitourinary system

Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers

Androgens and antiandrogens

PDE5 inhibitors

Hematologic system

Anticoagulants

Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors

Anticoagulants: Heparin

Anticoagulants: Warfarin

Antiplatelets and thrombolytics

Antiplatelet medications

Thrombolytics

Cancer medications

Anti-tumor antibiotics

Antimetabolites for cancer treatment

DNA alkylating medications

Microtubule inhibitors

Monoclonal antibodies

Platinum containing medications

Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors

Topoisomerase inhibitors

Hematopoietic medications

Immune system

Glucocorticoids

Infectious diseases

Antibiotics

Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

Antituberculosis medications

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins

DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones

DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines

Antifungals

Azoles

Echinocandins

Miscellaneous antifungal medications

Antiparasitics

Anthelmintic medications

Anti-mite and louse medications

Antimalarials

Antivirals

Hepatitis medications

Herpesvirus medications

Integrase and entry inhibitors

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

Protease inhibitors

Musculoskeletal system

Analgesics and anti-inflammatories

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

Glucocorticoids

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists

Anti-rheumatic medications

Non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

Antigout medications

Osteoporosis medications

Neurologic system

Anesthetics and neuromuscular blockers

Anesthetics

General anesthetics

Local anesthetics

Neuromuscular blockers

Anticonvulsants

Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates

Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines

Antispasmodics

Migraine medications

Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants

Neurodegenerative disease medications

Parkinson disease

Anti-parkinson medications

Other neurodegenerative diseases

Medications for neurodegenerative diseases

Opioid analgesics

Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists

Opioid antagonists

Psychiatry/Behavioral science

Antidepressants

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Atypical antidepressants

Osmosis Library

Physician Assistant (PA)

Topics

Basic Sciences

Foundational Sciences

Organ Systems

Clinical Sciences

Clinical Rotations

PANCE® Review

Featured Series

Core Competencies

Basic Sciences / Foundational Sciences

Anatomy

Embryology

Early development

Organ system development

Gross anatomy

Introduction to anatomy

Abdomen

Back

Brain

Cranial nerves

Head

Lower limb

Neck

Pelvis and perineum

Thorax

Upper limb

Histology

Introduction to histology

Organ system histology

Genetic and molecular mechanisms of health and disease

Genetics

Population genetics

Genetic disorders

Laboratory techniques

Molecular biology

Molecular biology

Disorders of molecular biology

Infectious diseases

Bacteriology

Introduction to bacteria

Gram positive bacteria

Gram negative bacteria

Mycobacteria

Other bacteria

Mycology

Cutaneous fungal infections

Opportunistic fungal infections

Systemic fungal infections

Parasitology

Ectoparasites

Protozoa

Worms

Virology

Introduction to viruses

DNA viruses

RNA viruses

Prions and virioids

Pharmacology and pharmaceutical therapeutics

Antibiotics

Antifungals

Antiparasitics

Antivirals

Interpreting and evaluating the medical literature

Biostatistics

Introduction to biostatistics

Non-parametric tests

Outcomes of statistical hypothesis testing

Parametric tests

Statistical probability distributions

Epidemiology

Causation, validity, and bias

Epidemiological measurements

Evaluation of diagnostic tests

Public health

Study design

Pathophysiology

Introduction to pathophysiology

Cellular injury

Basic Sciences /
Foundational Sciences