Item: Osmosis
Rating: 5
Author: Garrhett Via

Physiology

15 videos

1 - Metabolism

1.1 - Carbohydrate metabolism

Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Gluconeogenesis Glycogen metabolism Pentose phosphate pathway

1.2 - Fat and cholesterol metabolism

Fatty acid oxidation Fatty acid synthesis Cholesterol metabolism Ketone body metabolism

1.3 - Protein metabolism

Amino acids and protein folding Enzyme function Amino acid metabolism Nitrogen and urea cycle

1.4 - Nucleic acid metabolism

Nucleotide metabolism

Biostatistics

16 videos

1 - Biostatistics

1.1 - Introductory biostatistics

Introduction to biostatistics Mean, median, and mode Probability Range, variance, and standard deviation Types of data

1.2 - Statistical probability distributions

Normal distribution and z-scores Standard error of the mean (Central limit theorem)Paired t-test Hypothesis testing: One tailed and two tailed tests

1.3 - Parametric tests

One-way ANOVA Two-way ANOVA Repeated measures ANOVA Correlation Linear regression Logistic regression Type I and type II errors

Epidemiology

21 videos

1 - Epidemiology

1.1 - Testing

Sensitivity and specificity Positive and negative predictive value Test precision and accuracy

1.2 - Epidemiologic measurements

Incidence and prevalence Measures of risk Odds ratio Mortality rates and case-fatality DALY and QALY Direct standardization Indirect standardization

1.3 - Study design

Ecologic study Cross sectional study Case-control study Cohort study Randomized Control Trial Sample size

1.4 - Causation and validity

Causality Selection bias Information bias Confounding Interaction

Pathology

58 videos

1 - Ischemic injury

1.1 - Acute coronary syndromes

Myocardial infarction Angina pectoris

1.2 - Aneurysms and dissection

Aortic dissection Aneurysms

1.3 - Shock

Shock

2 - Cardiac diseases

2.1 - Heart failure

Congestive heart failure Cor pulmonale

2.2 - Heart valve disease

Tricuspid valve disease Pulmonary valve disease Mitral valve disease Aortic valve disease

2.3 - Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Dilated cardiomyopathy Restrictive cardiomyopathy

2.4 - Pericardial disease

Pericarditis and pericardial effusion Cardiac tamponade

2.5 - Infections and inflammation

Rheumatic heart disease Endocarditis Myocarditis

3 - Electrical conduction defects

3.1 - Premature contraction

Premature ventricular contraction Premature atrial contraction

3.2 - Supraventricular tachycardia

Atrial fibrillation Atrial flutter AV nodal reentrant tachycardia

3.3 - Preexcitation disorders

AV reentrant tachycardia Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

3.4 - Bradycardia and heart block

Atrioventricular block Bundle branch block

3.5 - Ventricular tachycardia

Long QT syndrome and Torsade de pointes Ventricular tachycardia

3.6 - Sudden cardiac death

Brugada syndrome Ventricular fibrillation

4 - Vascular diseases

4.1 - Hypertension and hypotension

Hypertension

4.2 - Peripheral vascular diseases

Peripheral vascular disease Arterial disease

4.3 - Vasculitis

Vasculitis Kawasaki disease Behcet's disease

4.4 - Venous dysfunction

Deep vein thrombosis Varicose veins Thrombophlebitis Chronic venous insufficiency

4.5 - Vascular compression syndromes

Nutcracker syndrome Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

4.6 - Vascular steal syndromes

Coronary steal syndrome

4.7 - Lymphatic dysfunction

Lymphedema

5 - Congenital defects

5.1 - Acyanotic defects

Patent ductus arteriosus Ventricular septal defect Coarctation of the aorta

5.2 - Cyanotic defects

Tetralogy of Fallot Transposition of the great vessels Truncus arteriosus Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

5.3 - Vascular malformations

Vascular tumors Arteriovenous malformation

6 - Neoplasms

6.1 - Neoplasms

Cardiac tumors Vascular tumors Angiosarcomas

Pharmacology

14 videos

1 - Antiarrhythmics

1.1 - Antiarrhythmics

Class I Antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers Class II Antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers Class III Antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers Class IV Antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others

2 - Antihypertensives

2.1 - Antihypertensives

ACE inhibitors and ARBs

3 - Lipid-lowering agents

3.1 - Lipid-lowering agents

Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates

4 - Pharmacology

4.1 - Pharmacology

Positive inotropic medications Central anti-adrenergics Peripheral postsynaptic anti-adrenergics: Alpha blockers Peripheral postsynaptic anti-adrenergics: Beta blockers Peripheral presynaptic anti-adrenergics

5 - Vasodilators

5.1 - Vasodilators

Vasodilators: cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators Vasodilators: Calcium entry blockers

Physiology

30 videos

1 - Cardiovascular Physiology

1.1 - Anatomy and physiology

Cardiovascular anatomy and physiology Lymphatic anatomy and physiology Normal heart sounds

1.2 - Hemodynamics

Blood pressure, blood flow, and resistance Resistance to blood flow Laminar flow and Reynolds number Compliance of blood vessels Pressures in the cardiovascular system

1.3 - Cardiac cycle

Stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output Frank-Starling relationship Pressure-volume loops Changes in pressure-volume loops Law of Laplace

1.4 - Blood Pressure Regulation

Baroreceptors Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system Chemoreceptors

1.5 - Cardiac electrophysiology

Electrical conduction in the heart Action potentials in pacemaker cells Action potentials in myocytes Cardiac conduction velocity Excitability and refractory periods Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling

1.6 - Electrocardiography

ECG basics ECG normal sinus rhythm ECG rate and rhythm ECG intervals ECG axis ECG QRS transition ECG cardiac hypertrophy and enlargement ECG cardiac infarction and ischemia

Physiology

19 videos

1 - Cellular physiology

1.1 - Cellular structures and processes

Cellular structure and function Cell membrane Selective permeability of the cell membrane Extracellular matrix Cell-cell junctions Endocytosis and exocytosis Osmosis Resting membrane potential Cell signaling pathways Nuclear structure Cytoskeleton and intracellular motility

1.2 - Cellular pathology

Inflammation Ischemia Free radicals and cellular injury Necrosis and apoptosis Atrophy, aplasia, and hypoplasia Metaplasia and dysplasia Hyperplasia and hypertrophy Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

Pathology

13 videos

1 - Skin

1.1 - Dermatitis and eczema

Atopic dermatitis

1.2 - Erythema multiforme and drug eruptions

Stevens-Johnson syndrome Erythema multiforme Toxic epidermal necrolysis

1.3 - Papulosquamous disorders

Psoriasis Lichen planus

1.4 - Vesiculobullous diseases

Bullous pemphigoid Pemphigus vulgaris

1.5 - Pigmentation disorders

Albinism Vitiligo

1.6 - Skin and soft tissue inflammation and infections

Acne vulgaris

1.7 - Malignant skin tumors

Skin cancer

1.8 - Burns and frostbite

Burns

Physiology

3 videos

1 - Skin

1.1 - Skin structures

Skin anatomy and physiology Hair, skin, and nails Wound healing

Physiology

22 videos

1 - Early development

1.1 - Early weeks

Human development days 1-4 Human development days 4-7 Human development week 2 Human development week 3

1.2 - Germ layers

Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

1.3 - Early structures

Development of the digestive system and body cavities Development of the placenta Development of the umbilical cord Development of the fetal membranes Development of twins Hedgehog signaling pathway

2 - Organ system development

2.1 - Body system structures

Development of the cardiovascular system Fetal circulation Development of the respiratory system Development of the gastrointestinal system Development of the renal system Development of the reproductive system Development of the axial skeleton Development of the muscular system

2.2 - Head and neck structures

Pharyngeal arches, pouches, and clefts

Pathology

46 videos

1 - Adrenal disorders

1.1 - Adrenal hyperfunction

Cushing syndrome Hyperaldosteronism

1.2 - Adrenal hyperplasia

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

1.3 - Adrenal hypofunction

Addison's disease Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

2 - Gonadal dysfunction

2.1 - Gonadal dysfunction

5-alpha-reductase deficiency Delayed puberty Precocious puberty Androgen insensitivity syndrome Polycystic ovary syndrome Premature ovarian failure Kallmann syndrome

3 - Pancreatic disorders

3.1 - Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus

4 - Pituitary disorders

4.1 - Hyperpituitarism and hypopituitarism

Acromegaly Gigantism Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion Hyperprolactinemia Diabetes insipidus Pituitary apoplexy Growth hormone deficiency Constitutional growth delay Hypopituitarism Sheehan's syndrome Hypoprolactinemia Pituitary adenoma

5 - Thyroid and parathyroid disorders

5.1 - Hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism

5.2 - Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

Graves' disease Hyperthyroidism Toxic multinodular goiter Thyroid storm Hypothyroidism Euthyroid sick syndrome

5.3 - Thyroiditis

Hashimoto's thyroiditis Postpartum thyroiditis Riedel's thyroiditis Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

6 - Tumors

6.1 - Endocrine tumors

Pituitary adenoma Thyroid cancer Prolactinoma

6.2 - Neuroendocrine tumors

Pheochromocytoma Carcinoid syndrome Neuroblastoma Multiple endocrine neoplasia Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Pharmacology

6 videos

1 - Diabetes medications

1.1 - Diabetes medications

Insulins

2 - Pharmacology

2.1 - Pharmacology

Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid antagonists Adrenal hormone synthesis inhibitors

3 - Thyroid medications

3.1 - Thyroid medications

Hyperthyroidism medications Hypothyroidism medications

Physiology

11 videos

1 - Endocrine physiology

1.1 - Anatomy and physiology

Endocrine anatomy and physiology

1.2 - Pituitary hormones

Thyroid hormone Growth hormone and somatostatin Adrenocorticotropic hormone

1.3 - Adrenal hormones

Synthesis of adrenocortical hormones Cortisol

1.4 - Pancreatic hormones

Glucagon Insulin

1.5 - Calcium and phosphate hormonal regulation

Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Vitamin D

Pathology

58 videos

1 - Upper gastrointestinal tract

1.1 - Esophageal disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

1.2 - Gastric disease

Peptic ulcer

1.3 - Oral disease

Dental caries disease Gingivitis and periodontitis Dental abscess Sialadenitis Aphthous ulcers Pulpitis Temporomandibular joint dysfunction

2 - Lower gastrointestinal tract

2.1 - Colorectal polyp conditions

Familial adenomatous polyposis Juvenile polyposis syndrome Peutz-Jeghers syndrome Colorectal polyps

2.2 - Inflammatory bowel disease

Crohn's disease Ulcerative colitis

2.3 - Intestinal diseases

Small bowel ischemia and infarction Intussusception Volvulus Diverticulosis and diverticulitis Appendicitis Irritable bowel syndrome Gallstone ileus

2.4 - Malabsorption conditions

Celiac disease Tropical sprue Lactose intolerance

3 - Liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

3.1 - Biliary tract diseases

Gallstone Gallstone ileus Primary sclerosing cholangitis Ascending cholangitis Acute cholecystitis Chronic cholecystitis Biliary colic

3.2 - Liver diseases

Cirrhosis Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Primary biliary cirrhosis Alcoholic liver disease Hemochromatosis Wilson's disease Autoimmune hepatitis Cholestatic liver disease Neonatal hepatitis Hepatitis

3.3 - Liver, gall bladder, and pancreas congenital conditions

Biliary atresia

3.4 - Pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis Acute pancreatitis

4 - Congenital malformations

4.1 - Lower gastrointestinal congenital malformations

Hirschsprung's disease Gastroschisis Omphalocele Intestinal atresia

4.2 - Upper gastrointestinal congenital malformations

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Thyroglossal duct cyst

5 - Gastrointestinal neoplasms

5.1 - Gastrointestinal cancers

Warthin's tumor Oral cancer Colorectal cancer Pancreatic cancer Gallbladder cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma Benign liver tumors

Pharmacology

3 videos

1 - Acid suppression therapy

1.1 - Acid suppression therapy

Acid reducing medications

2 - Pharmacology

2.1 - Pharmacology

Antidiarrheals Laxatives and cathartics

Physiology

15 videos

1 - Gastrointestinal physiology

1.1 - Anatomy and physiology

Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology Anatomy and physiology of the teeth

1.2 - Gastrointestinal function

Enteric nervous system Satiety Chewing and swallowing Esophageal motility Gastric motility

1.3 - Liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

Pancreatic secretion Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation Liver anatomy and physiology

1.4 - Digestion and absorption

Carbohydrates and sugars Hydration Proteins Fats Prebiotics and probiotics

Pathology

15 videos

1 - Genetic Syndromes

1.1 - Trisomies

Down syndrome Edwards syndrome Patau syndrome

1.2 - Trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases

Fragile X syndrome Huntington disease Myotonic dystrophy Friedreich's ataxia

1.3 - Sex chromosome disorders

Turner syndrome Klinefelter syndrome

1.4 - Imprinting disorders

Angelman syndrome Prader-Willi syndrome

1.5 - Chromosomal deletion syndromes

Cri du chat syndrome Williams syndrome

1.6 - Connective tissue disorders

Alport syndrome Marfan syndrome

Physiology

19 videos

1 - Genetics

1.1 - Transcription, translation, and replication

DNA structure Transcription Translation DNA replication DNA damage and repair Cell cycle Mitosis and meiosis DNA mutations

1.2 - Population genetics

Mendelian genetics and punnett squares Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Inheritance patterns Independent assortment of genes and linkage Gene regulation Lac operon Epigenetics Evolution and natural selection

2 - Laboratory Techniques

2.1 - DNA and RNA techniques

Polymerase chain reaction Gel electrophoresis and genetic testing DNA cloning

Pathology

16 videos

1 - Anemias

1.1 - Normocytic anemia (increased hemolysis)

Sickle-cell disease Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

2 - Clotting disorders

2.1 - Hypocoagulable disorders

Hemophilia

2.2 - Hypercoagulable disorders

Antiphospholipid syndrome

2.3 - Thrombocytopenia

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Disseminated intravascular coagulation Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

3 - Hematologic cancers

3.1 - Leukemias

Acute leukemia Chronic leukemia

3.2 - Lymphomas

Hodgkin lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

3.3 - Plasma cell dyscrasias

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

3.4 - Dysplastic and Proliferative disorders

Polycythemia vera Myelofibrosis

4 - Heme disorders

4.1 - Methemoglobinemia

Methemoglobinemia

4.2 - Porphyria

Acute intermittent porphyria

Pharmacology

12 videos

1 - Anticoagulants

1.1 - Anticoagulants

Anti-platelet medications Anticoagulants: Heparin Anticoagulants: Direct coagulation factor inhibitors Thrombolytics

2 - Cancer medications

2.1 - Cancer medications

Hematopoietic medications DNA Alkylating medications Monoclonal antibodies Antimetabolites for cancer treatment Microtubule inhibitors Platinum containing medications Topoisomerase inhibitors Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors

Physiology

6 videos

1 - Hematology

1.1 - Blood components and function

Blood components Platelet plug formation (primary hemostasis)Coagulation (secondary hemostasis)Role of Vitamin K in coagulation Clot retraction and fibrinolysis Blood groups and transfusions

Pathology

21 videos

1 - Hypersensitivity

1.1 - Type I reactions

Type I hypersensitivity Food allergy Allergic rhinitis Anaphylaxis

1.2 - Type II reactions

Type II hypersensitivity

1.3 - Type III reactions

Serum sickness Type III hypersensitivity

1.4 - Type IV reactions

Type IV hypersensitivity Graft-versus-host disease

1.5 - Multiple mechanisms

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

2 - Immunodeficiencies

2.1 - Phagocyte deficiencies

Chronic granulomatous disease Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

2.2 - Complement deficiencies

Complement deficiency

2.3 - Humoral and B-cell deficiencies

X-linked agammaglobulinemia Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency Isolated primary immunoglobulin M deficiency Hyper IgM syndrome

2.4 - T-cell deficiencies

Thymic hypoplasia DiGeorge syndrome

2.5 - Combined B-cell and T-cell deficiencies

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

Physiology

16 videos

1 - Immune system

1.1 - Immune system

Vaccines

2 - Innate Immunity

2.1 - Innate immunity

Innate immune system Complement system

3 - Adaptive Immunity

3.1 - B and T cells

B cell development T cell development Cytokines Antibody classes B cell activation and differentiation Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation T cell activation VDJ rearrangement MHC class I and MHC class II molecules Cell mediated immunity of CD4 cells Cell mediated immunity of Natural Killer and CD8 cells

3.2 - Contraction of the immune response

Contracting the immune response and peripheral tolerance B and T cell memory

Pathology

9 videos

1 - Metabolic disorders

1.1 - Amino acid metabolism disorders

Homocystinuria Phenylketonuria Maple syrup urine disease

1.2 - Purine and pyrimidine metabolism disorders

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

1.3 - Sphingolipidosis

Leukodystrophy

1.4 - Mucopolysaccharidosis

Hunter syndrome

2 - Vitamins and minerals

2.1 - Water soluble vitamin deficiencies

Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency

3 - Toxicity

3.1 - Chemical and drug toxicity

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Bacteriology

26 videos

1 - Gram positive bacteria

1.1 - Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus saprophyticus

1.2 - Streptococcus

Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep)

1.3 - Anaerobic rods

Clostridium perfringens Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)

1.4 - Aerobic rods

Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)

1.5 - Filaments

Actinomyces israelii

2 - Gram negative bacteria

2.1 - Rods

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterobacter Bartonella henselae (Cat-scratch disease and Bacilary angiomatosis)Yersinia pestis (Plague)

2.2 - Comma-shaped rods

Helicobacter pylori Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)Campylobacter jejuni

2.3 - Diplococci

Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria gonorrhoeae

2.4 - Coccobacilli

Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis/whooping cough)Brucella

3 - Mycobacteria

3.1 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)

4 - Other bacteria

4.1 - Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

4.2 - Chlamydia

Chlamydia trachomatis

4.3 - Spirochetes

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)

4.4 - General infections

Abscesses

Virology

15 videos

1 - DNA Viruses

1.1 - Herpesviruses

Herpes simplex virus Varicella zoster virus

1.2 - Papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus

2 - RNA Viruses

2.1 - Picornaviruses

Poliovirus Rhinovirus

2.2 - Orthomyxoviruses

Influenza virus

2.3 - Paramyxoviruses

Measles virus Mumps virus Respiratory syncytial virus

2.4 - Flaviviruses

2.5 - Caliciviruses

2.6 - Reoviruses

2.7 - Retroviruses

2.8 - Rhabdoviruses

3 - Prions and virioids

3.1 - Prions and viriods

Prions (Spongiform encephalopathy)

Mycology

1 videos

1 - Mycology

1.1 - Opportunistic fungal infections

Candida

Parasitology

2 videos

1 - Protozoa

1.1 - Hematologic infections

Plasmodium species (Malaria)

1.2 - Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease)

Pharmacology

22 videos

1 - Antibiotics

1.1 - Antibiotics

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim Antituberculosis medications Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines

2 - Antifungals

2.1 - Antifungals

Antifungal: Echinocandins Antifungal: Imidazoles Miscellaneous antifungal medications

3 - Antiparasitics

3.1 - Antiparasitics

Anti-mite and louse medications Anthelmintic medications Antimalarials

4 - Antivirals

4.1 - Antivirals

Herpes medications Hepatitis medications Protease inhibitors Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Neuraminidase inhibitors

Pathology

30 videos

1 - Inflammatory conditions

1.1 - Inflammatory arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis Reactive arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Gout Ankylosing spondylitis

1.2 - Inflammatory connective tissue disorders

Systemic lupus erythematosus Raynaud's disease CREST syndrome Sjogren's syndrome Fibromyalgia Polymyalgia rheumatica Amyloidosis

1.3 - Inflammatory myositis

Dermatomyositis Polymyositis Inclusion body myopathy

2 - Bone and Joint Disorders

2.1 - Joint pathology

Osteoarthritis Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

2.2 - Bone and joint pathology

Paget's disease of bone Rickets Osteoporosis Osgood-Schlatter disease Legg-Calve-Perthes disease

2.3 - Bone and joint infections

Septic arthritis Osteomyelitis

3 - Head and spine disorders

3.1 - Spinal disorders

Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis

4 - Injuries

4.1 - Upper limb injury

Rotator cuff tear

5 - Tumors

5.1 - Bone, cartilage, and muscle tumors

Bone tumors

6 - Growth and developmental disorders

6.1 - Congenital malformations

Congenital hip dysplasia

6.2 - Skeletal dysplasia

Cleidocranial dysplasia Achondroplasia

Pharmacology

4 videos

1 - Inflammation

1.1 - Inflammation

Acetaminophen Antigout medications Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

2 - Promoting bone formation

2.1 - Promoting bone formation

Osteoporosis medications

Physiology

9 videos

1 - Bones, joints, and Cartilage

1.1 - Bones, joints, and cartilage

Skeletal system anatomy and physiology Cartilage Bone remodeling and repair Fibrous, cartilage, and synovial joints

2 - Muscles

2.1 - Muscles

Muscular system anatomy and physiology Muscle contraction Slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers Sliding filament model of muscle contraction Neuromuscular junction and motor unit

Pathology

57 videos

1 - Cerebral cortex disorders

1.1 - Brain ischemia

Ischemic stroke Intracerebral hemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhage Subdural hematoma Epidural hematoma

1.2 - Nervous system infections

Meningitis

1.3 - Epilepsy and seizures

Epilepsy Febrile seizure

1.4 - Headaches

Migraine

1.5 - Encephalopathy

Reye syndrome Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

1.6 - Dementia

Alzheimer's disease Frontotemporal dementia Vascular dementia Lewy body dementia

1.7 - Cortical disorders

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

2 - Demyelinating disorders

2.1 - CNS demyelinating disorders

Multiple sclerosis Transverse myelitis Central pontine myelinolysis Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

2.2 - PNS demyelinating disorders

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Guillain-Barre syndrome

3 - Congenital and developmental disorders

3.1 - Cerebrospinal malformations

Normal pressure hydrocephalus Arnold-Chiari malformation Dandy-Walker malformation Spina bifida Cerebral palsy Rett syndrome Aqueductal stenosis Syringomyelia

3.2 - Congenital myopathies

Duchenne muscular dystrophy Becker's muscular dystrophy

3.3 - Neurocutaneous disorders

Neurofibromatosis Ataxia telangiectasia Tuberous sclerosis Sturge-Weber syndrome

4 - Head and spinal injury

4.1 - Cranial nerve injury

Bell's palsy

4.2 - Head injury

Concussion

4.3 - Increased intracranial pressure

Brain herniation

4.4 - Spinal cord injury

Cauda equina syndrome Brown-Sequard Syndrome Neurogenic bladder

5 - Movement and balance disorders

5.1 - Movement disorders

Parkinson's disease

5.2 - Balance disorders

Schwannoma

6 - Peripheral nervous system disorders

6.1 - Motor neuron diseases

Spinal muscular atrophy

6.2 - Neuromuscular junction diseases

Myasthenia gravis Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

6.3 - Neuropathies

Sciatica Carpal tunnel syndrome Erb-Duchenne palsy Klumpke paralysis

6.4 - Autonomic diseases

Horner's syndrome

7 - Tumors

7.1 - Primary brain tumors

Schwannoma Pediatric brain tumors Adult brain tumors

8 - Eye and ear disorders

8.1 - Ear pathology

Eustachian tube dysfunction

8.2 - Globe pathology

Glaucoma

Pharmacology

12 videos

1 - Anesthetics and Sedatives

1.1 - Anesthetics and Sedatives

Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbituates Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines General anesthetics Local anesthetics

2 - by Common Use

2.1 - by Common Use

Migraine medications Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants Neuromuscular blockers Anti-parkinson medications Huntington disease medications

3 - by Mechanism

3.1 - by Mechanism

Direct cholinomimetics Indirect cholinomimetics: Anticholinesterases Sympathomimetic medications

Physiology

23 videos

1 - Neurology physiology

1.1 - Anatomy and physiology

Nervous system anatomy and physiology Anatomy and physiology of the eye Anatomy and physiology of the ear Neuron action potential

1.2 - Autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Adrenergic receptors Cholinergic receptors

1.3 - Motor nervous system

Motor neurons and muscle spindles Pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts Cerebellum Basal ganglia: Direct and indirect pathway of movement

1.4 - Sensory nervous system

Somatosensory pathways Somatosensory receptors Photoreception Optic pathways and visual fields Auditory transduction and pathways Vestibular transduction Vestibulo-ocular reflex and nystagmus Olfactory transduction and pathways Taste and the tongue

1.5 - Spinal cord and nerves

Cranial nerves Brachial plexus

Pathology

35 videos

1 - Psychiatric pathology

1.1 - Depressive and bipolar disorders

Major depressive disorder Seasonal affective disorder Bipolar disorder Suicide

1.2 - Anxiety disorders

Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Social anxiety disorder Phobias

1.3 - Obsessive compulsive disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorder Body focused repetitive disorders

1.4 - Trauma and abuse related disorders

Posttraumatic stress disorder Somatic symptom disorder

1.5 - Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders

Schizophrenia

1.6 - Substance use and related disorders

Alcohol use disorder Tobacco dependence Opioid dependence Cannabis dependence Cocaine dependence

1.7 - Personality disorders

Cluster A personality disorders Cluster B personality disorders Cluster C personality disorders

1.8 - Neurodevelopmental disorders

Tourette syndrome Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Autism spectrum disorder Learning disability Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders

1.9 - Feeding and eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa

1.10 - Sleep and sleep-wake disorders

Insomnia Bruxism Narcolepsy

1.11 - Cognitive and dissociative disorders

Dissociative disorders Amnesia Delirium

1.12 - Factitious disorders

Munchausen syndrome

Pharmacology

11 videos

1 - Pharmacology

1.1 - Pharmacology

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Tricyclic antidepressants Atypical antidepressants Typical antipsychotics Atypical antipsychotics Lithium Opioid agonists Opioid antagonists Psychomotor stimulants

Pathology

50 videos

1 - Nephritic and nephrotic syndromes

1.1 - Nephritic syndromes

IgA nephropathy Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis Goodpasture's syndrome Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

1.2 - Nephrotic syndromes

Lupus nephritis Minimal change disease Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Diabetic nephropathy Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Membranous glomerulonephritis

2 - Renal disorders

2.1 - Urinary and kidney infections

Lower urinary tract infection Acute pyelonephritis Chronic pyelonephritis

2.2 - Kidney disorders

Kidney stones

2.3 - Vascular renal disease

Renal artery stenosis Renal cortical necrosis

2.4 - Acute and chronic kidney disease

Prerenal azotemia Renal azotemia Postrenal azotemia Chronic kidney disease

3 - Electrolyte disorders

3.1 - Hypernatremia and hyponatremia

Hyponatremia Hypernatremia

3.2 - Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia

3.3 - Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia

3.4 - Hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia

Hypermagnesemia Hypomagnesemia

3.5 - Hyperphosphatemia and hypophosphatemia

Hyperphosphatemia Hypophosphatemia

4 - Bladder disorders

4.1 - Bladder pathology

Neurogenic bladder Urinary incontinence

5 - Renal and bladder cancers

5.1 - Renal cancers

Renal cell carcinoma Angiomyolipoma Wilms' tumor WAGR syndrome

5.2 - Bladder cancers

Non-urothelial bladder cancers Transitional cell carcinoma

6 - Congenital conditions

6.1 - Bladder and urethral conditions

Hydronephrosis Vesicoureteral reflux Posterior urethral valve Bladder exstrophy Hypospadias and epispadias

6.2 - Renal conditions

Polycystic kidney disease Horseshoe kidney Renal agenesis Medullary sponge kidney Multicystic dysplastic kidney Medullary cystic kidney disease

6.3 - Systemic conditions

Potter sequence

Pharmacology

5 videos

1 - Diuretics

1.1 - Diuretics

Loop diuretics Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Osmotic diuretics Potassium sparing diuretics Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics

Physiology

25 videos

1 - Renal Physiology

1.1 - Anatomy and physiology

Renal anatomy and physiology

1.2 - Fluids in the body

Body fluid compartments Water shifts between body fluid compartments Renal clearance

1.3 - Water regulation

Osmoregulation Kidney countercurrent multiplication Antidiuretic hormone

1.4 - Renal blood flow regulation

Regulation of renal blood flow Measuring renal plasma flow and renal blood flow

1.5 - Renal electrolyte regulation

Glomerular filtration Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule

1.6 - Renal reabsorption and secretion

Tubular reabsorption of glucose Urea recycling Tubular secretion of PAH

1.7 - Acid-base physiology

Physiologic pH and buffers Buffering and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation The role of the kidney in acid-base balance Plasma anion gap Acid-base map and compensatory mechanisms Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis

Pathology

20 videos

1 - Female disorders

1.1 - Ovarian and uterine disorders

Ovarian cyst Endometriosis Uterine fibroid

2 - Reproductive disorders

2.1 - Gestational disorders

Pre-eclampsia

2.2 - Disorders of labor

Postpartum hemorrhage Placenta previa Placental abruption

2.3 - Infertility and fetal loss

Miscarriage Ectopic pregnancy Amenorrhea

3 - Male disorders

3.1 - Penile, prostate, and testicular disorders

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

3.2 - Male sexual dysfunctions

Erectile dysfunction

4 - Genitourinary infections

4.1 - Genitourinary tract infections

Pelvic inflammatory disease

5 - Breast and genitourinary cancers

5.1 - Female genitourinary cancers

Cervical cancer Endometrial cancer Sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor Germ cell ovarian tumor Surface epithelial-stromal tumor

5.2 - Breast masses

Breast cancer

5.3 - Male genitourinary cancers

Prostate cancer

Pharmacology

4 videos

1 - Pharmacology

1.1 - Pharmacology

Progestins Uterine stimulants and relaxants Aromatase inhibitors PDE5 inhibitors

Physiology

11 videos

1 - Reproductive Physiology

1.1 - Female reproductive system

Anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system Estrogen and progesterone Oxytocin and prolactin Menstrual cycle Pregnancy Stages of labor Breastfeeding

1.2 - Male reproductive system

Anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system Testosterone

1.3 - Sexual Development

Development of the reproductive system Puberty and Tanner staging

Pathology

31 videos

1 - Respiratory tract conditions

1.1 - Lower respiratory tract infections

Bronchiolitis Pneumonia

1.2 - Obstructive lung diseases

Asthma Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Bronchiectasis Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency Cystic fibrosis

1.3 - Pleura and pleural space diseases

Pleural effusion Pneumothorax

1.4 - Restrictive lung diseases

Restrictive lung diseases Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis

1.5 - Upper respiratory tract infections

Nasal polyps Upper respiratory tract infection Sinusitis Laryngitis Bacterial epiglottitis Retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses

2 - Acute respiratory diseases

2.1 - Acute respiratory disease

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

2.2 - Perinatal acute respiratory disease

Sudden infant death syndrome

3 - Pulmonary vascular diseases

3.1 - Pulmonary vascular diseases

Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary edema

4 - Pulmonary tumors

4.1 - Pulmonary tumors

Lung cancer Mesothelioma Pancoast tumor Superior vena cava syndrome

5 - Sleep disorders

5.1 - Sleep disorders

Sleep apnea

6 - Congenital malformations

6.1 - Upper respiratory tract malformations

Laryngomalacia

6.2 - Lower respiratory tract malformations

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation

Pharmacology

4 videos

1 - Allergy

1.1 - Allergy

Antihistamines for allergies

2 - Asthma and COPD

2.1 - Asthma and COPD

Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists

Physiology

14 videos

1 - Respiratory Physiology

1.1 - Anatomy and physiology

Respiratory anatomy and physiology

1.2 - Breathing mechanics

Lung volumes and capacities Anatomic and physiologic dead space Ventilation Alveolar gas equation

1.3 - Gas transport

Hypoxemia and hypoxia Oxygen binding capacity and oxygen content Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve Erythropoietin Carbon dioxide transport in blood Regulation of pulmonary blood flow Zones of pulmonary blood flow Pulmonary shunts Ventilation perfusion ratios and V Q mismatch

Internal Medicine

72 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Cardiology

Clinical Reasoning: Coronary artery disease Clinical Reasoning: Heart Failure Clinical reasoning: Syncope Clinical Reasoning: Hypertension Clinical Reasoning: Pericardial disease Clinical Reasoning: Infective endocarditis Clinical Reasoning: Valvular heart disease Clinical Reasoning: Cardiomyopathy Clinical Reasoning: Hypercholesterolemia Clinical Reasoning: Aortic aneurysms

1.2 - Pulmonology

Clinical Reasoning: Asthma Clinical Reasoning: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Clinical Reasoning: Diffuse parenchymal lung disease Clinical Reasoning: Acute respiratory distress syndrome Clinical Reasoning: Pleural effusion Clinical Reasoning: Lung cancer Clinical Reasoning: Pneumonia Clinical Reasoning: Venous thromboembolism

1.3 - Hematology/Oncology

Clinical Reasoning: Anemia Clinical Reasoning: Leukemia Clinical Reasoning: Lymphoma Clinical reasoning: Thrombocytopenia Clinical Reasoning: Blood products and transfusion Clinical reasoning: Thrombophilia Clinical Reasoning: Bleeding disorders Clinical Reasoning: Myeloproliferative neoplasms Clinical reasoning: Plasma cell disorders

1.4 - Endocrinology

Clinical Reasoning: Diabetes mellitus Clinical Reasoning: Hyperthyroidism Clinical Reasoning: Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis Clinical Reasoning: Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer Clinical Reasoning: MEN syndromes Clinical Reasoning: Cushing syndrome Clinical Reasoning: Adrenal masses and tumors Clinical Reasoning: Pituitary adenomas and pituitary hyperfunction Clinical Reasoning: Hypopituitarism Clinical Reasoning: Adrenal insufficiency

1.5 - Rheumatology

Clinical Reasoning: Lupus Clinical Reasoning: Rheumatoid arthritis Clinical Reasoning: Joint pain Clinical Reasoning: Seronegative arthritis Clinical Reasoning: Vasculitis Clinical Reasoning: Inflammatory myopathies Clinical Reasoning: Sjogren's syndrome

1.6 - Gastroenterology

1.7 - Nephrology

Neurology

13 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Neurology

Clinical Reasoning: Stroke Clinical Reasoning: Meningitis, encephalitis, and brain abscesses Clinical Reasoning: Hyperkinetic movement disorders Clinical Reasoning: Hypokinetic movement disorders Clinical Reasoning: Seizures Clinical Reasoning: Headache Clinical Reasoning: Dementia Clinical Reasoning: Delirium Clinical Reasoning: Dizziness and vertigo Clinical Reasoning: Coma Clinical Reasoning: Muscle weakness Clinical Reasoning: Brain tumors Clinical Reasoning: Lower back pain

Psychiatry

11 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Psychiatry

Clinical Reasoning: Mood disorders Clinical Reasoning: Psychotic disorders Clinical Reasoning: Anxiety disorders Clinical Reasoning: Sleep disorders Clinical Reasoning: Eating disorders Clinical Reasoning: Obsessive compulsive disorders Clinical Reasoning: Personality disorders Clinical Reasoning: Dissociative disorders Clinical Reasoning: Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders Clinical Reasoning: Substance-related addiction disorders Clinical Reasoning: Sexual dysfunctions

Pediatrics

21 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Pediatrics

Obstetrics and Gynecology

19 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Obstetrics

Pregnancy Stages of labor Breastfeeding Clinical Reasoning: Virilization Clinical Reasoning: Contraception Clinical Reasoning: Breast cancer Clinical Reasoning: Postpartum hemorrhage Clinical Reasoning: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Clinical Reasoning: Infertility Clinical Reasoning: Gestational trophoblastic disease Clinical Reasoning: Sexually transmitted infections Clinical Reasoning: Vulvovaginitis Clinical Reasoning: Vaginal bleeding Clinical Reasoning: Routine prenatal care

1.2 - Gynecology

Clinical Reasoning: Amenorrhea Clinical Reasoning: Endometrial hyperplasia and cancer Menstrual cycle Clinical Reasoning: Cervical cancer Clinical Reasoning: Ovarian cysts, cancer, and other adnexal masses

Surgery

9 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - General surgery

Clinical Reasoning: Preoperative evaluation Clinical Reasoning: Postoperative evaluation Clinical Reasoning: Abdominal pain Clinical Reasoning: Appendicitis Clinical Reasoning: Esophageal surgical conditions Clinical Reasoning: Bowel obstruction Clinical Reasoning: Hernias Clinical Reasoning: Anal conditions Clinical Reasoning: Peripheral vascular disease

Emergency Medicine

10 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Emergency Medicine

Clinical Reasoning: ACLS Clinical Reasoning: Pneumothorax Clinical Reasoning: Traumatic brain injury Clinical Reasoning: Neck trauma Clinical Reasoning: Chest trauma Clinical Reasoning: Shock Clinical Reasoning: Abdominal trauma Clinical Reasoning: Burns Clinical Reasoning: Bites and stings Clinical Reasoning: Toxidromes

Biostatistics and Epidemiology

9 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Biostatistics

Hypothesis testing: One tailed and two tailed tests Measures of risk Odds ratio Sensitivity and specificity Positive and negative predictive value Type I and type II errors Test precision and accuracy Sample size Clinical Reasoning: Methods of statistical analysis

Dermatology

1 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Dermatology

Clinical Reasoning: Eczematous rashes

General pharmacology

8 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Introduction

Introduction to Pharmacology

1.2 - Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics: Drug-receptor interactions Pharmacodynamics: Agonist, partial agonist, and antagonist Pharmacodynamics: Desensitization and tolerance

1.3 - Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics: Drug absorption and distribution Pharmacokinetics: Drug metabolism Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination and clearance

1.4 - Drug administration

Drug administration and dosing regimens

Cardiovascular

16 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Antiarrhythmics

1.2 - Antihypertensives

ACE inhibitors and ARBs Angiotensin and renin antagonists

1.3 - Lipid-lowering agents

Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications Lipid-lowering agents: Fibrates Lipid-lowering agents: Statins

1.4 - Vasodilators

Vasodilators: cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators Vasodilators: Calcium entry blockers

1.5 - Pharmacology

Endocrine

8 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Diabetes medications

Insulins Hypoglycemics: insulin secretagogues Miscellaneous hypoglycemics

1.2 - Thyroid medications

Hyperthyroidism medications Hypothyroidism medications

1.3 - Pharmacology

Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid antagonists Adrenal hormone synthesis inhibitors

Gastrointestinal

3 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Acid suppression therapy

Acid reducing medications

1.2 - Pharmacology

Antidiarrheals Laxatives and cathartics

Hematology and oncology

13 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Anticoagulants

Anticoagulants: Heparin Anticoagulants: Direct coagulation factor inhibitors Anti-platelet medications Thrombolytics

1.2 - Cancer medications

Hematopoietic medications DNA Alkylating medications Monoclonal antibodies Antimetabolites for cancer treatment Antibiotic anticancer medications Microtubule inhibitors Platinum containing medications Topoisomerase inhibitors Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors

Microbiology

23 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Antibiotics

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim Antituberculosis medications

1.2 - Antivirals

Entry and integrase inhibitors Protease inhibitors Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Neuraminidase inhibitors Herpes medications Hepatitis medications

1.3 - Antifungals

Antifungal: Imidazoles Antifungal: Echinocandins Miscellaneous antifungal medications

1.4 - Antiparasitics

Anti-mite and louse medications Anthelmintic medications Antimalarials

Musculoskeletal

5 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Inflammation

Acetaminophen Antigout medications Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Non-corticosteroid immunosuppressants

1.2 - Promoting bone formation

Osteoporosis medications

Neurology

12 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Anesthetics and sedatives

Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines General anesthetics Local anesthetics

1.2 - By common use

Migraine medications Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants Neuromuscular blockers Anti-parkinson medications Huntington disease medications

1.3 - By mechanism

Direct cholinomimetics Indirect cholinomimetics: Anticholinesterases Sympathomimetic medications

Psychiatry

11 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Pharmacology

Tricyclic antidepressants Atypical antidepressants Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Psychomotor stimulants Typical antipsychotics Atypical antipsychotics Lithium Opioid agonists Opioid antagonists

Renal

5 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Diuretics

Loop diuretics Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Osmotic diuretics Potassium sparing diuretics Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics

Reproductive

6 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Pharmacology

Androgens and antiandrogens Estrogens and antiestrogens Progestins and antiprogestins Uterine stimulants and relaxants Aromatase inhibitors PDE5 inhibitors

Respiratory

4 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Allergy

Antihistamines for allergies

1.2 - Asthma and COPD

Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists

How to succeed in health professions

17 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Retention techniques

Spaced repetition Testing effect Memory palaces Interleaved practice

1.2 - Learning

Multimedia learning Blended learning Problem-based learning Adaptive learning Editing wikipedia articles

1.3 - Teaching

Writing great questions Writing great answer explanations Adaptive teaching

1.4 - Career development and other resources

Preparing to apply to med school Preparing for the MCAT Surviving and thriving in first year Road to residency Osteopathic medicine

Clinician's corner

23 videos

1 - Videos

1.1 - Professionalism

Clinician's Corner: How to navigate your way in the hospital

1.2 - Patient care

Clinician's Corner: Do's and don'ts of patient care Clinician's Corner: Taking a good patient history Clinician's Corner: Helping a patient with a rare disease Clinician's Corner: Endocarditis

1.3 - Interpersonal and communication skills

Clinician's Corner: How to deliver bad news Clinician's Corner: Writing a good progress note Clinician's Corner: Shared decision making Clinician's Corner: How to give a good oral presentation Clinician's Corner: Tips on empathetic listening for clinicians

1.4 - Wellbeing

Clinician's Corner: How to avoid burnout

1.5 - Medical business and legal issues

Clinician's Corner: Diagnostic errors Clinician's Corner: 5 things to know about paying for medical school

1.6 - How to succeed in medical school

1.7 - Practice based learning and improvement

Clinician's Corner: How to be a Lifelong Learner

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